Masculinity and Advertising Essay - 5171 Words

Masculinity and Advertising Picture this: There are three beach chairs on a beach and occupying each seat is a male college student. One guy has no shirt on and is wearing a hat. With a smile on his face, he looks to his right. The two guys sitting to his left are each reading a magazine. All three men seem to be enjoying the hot weather and the one looking to his right is enjoying a beer. Coming up on his right are three beautiful girls in bikinis. One girl is blonde, very well developed, and as she walks by you can see her breasts move back and forth with every step she takes. She smiles as she walks by, and by the expression on the guys face he seems to be enjoying what he is seeing. Her two friends, who are brunettes, also have†¦show more content†¦When watching a sporting event or looking at certain topics on the web, it is very easy to see that the advertisement are targeted for men. You will rarely see a detergent commercial during a sporting event or while surfing the web there are no half-nake d women in a TIDE ad. The type of advertising on the web I am talking about are the rectangular boxes that you see at the top of the screen usually with some sort of advertisement on it. Advertising companies who are targeting men will show commercials that involve beer, cars, sports figures who are endorsing the companys product, sports drinks, shaving cream, and Norelco products. These commercials are specifically directed towards men. You have to give some credit to the advertising companies; they know exactly what time of day the majority of men will be watching television and on what sites to put their attention getters. I often ask myself why are men the targets of this style of advertising for T.V. and web sites? I know I can give you several answers to these questions. The first answer would involve the stereotypical society we live in. The men are usually seen as the ones who make the most money; therefore, advertising companiesShow MoreRelated Automotive Advertising and Masculinity Essay2364 Words   |  10 PagesAutomotive Advertising: Fueling Masculinity since Forever There has always been the clichà © of gender roles in toddlers that girls play with dolls and boys play with tools and cars. Is that what is expected of children of each sex, or do adults not know any better? When my male cousin was born when I was sixteen, the baby was showered with gifts of plastic screwdrivers, wrenches, saws, Bob the Builder accessories, and of course--toy cars. Why do we have this preoccupation that little boys--whoRead MoreHow Advertising Affects Our Society Essay1438 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is advertising? It is the billion-dollar industry that is slowly taking over our lives as they try to sell us everything. Advertising is an ever expanding force that has impacted every part of our society, including what clothes you wear, what electronics you buy, and what candidate you should vote for. Advertising is everywhere and in everything. It doesn’t only sell us products anymore, but ideas and morals. Look at any political ad to see what morals society wants humans to have. Ads haveRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender Masculinity1729 Words   |  7 Pagesconstruction of masculinity appears natural. This hegemonic masculinity is so naturalised it becomes invisible and we don’t see or think about it. Law, R (1997) states that â€Å"The concept of hegemonic masculinity allows for us to theorise the simultaneous existence of different constructions of masculinity, the social dominance of some constructions and their legitimation as ‘natural’ and the fluid and contested character of all constructions of gender† Pakeha men are the hegemonic masculinity in a New ZealandRead MoreSusan Bordo1355 Words   |  6 Pages168). She explains that the female body was completely normal for people to look at while on the other hand showing a naked male body was considered a taboo that most people were afraid to break. Over the history of time mainstream perceptions of masculinity have changed dramatically! Everything f rom ads, movies, fashion, character, and what is socially acceptable in todays world has changed since Bordo’s writings. When men started to show more of there bodies people reacted quite differently towardRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual psyches, normalising certain traits associated with masculinity and femininity, men and women, and impacting upon how we frame and define gender and sexual difference in contemporary consumer culture† . This opinion reinforces the notion that the visual images utilised in advertisements reinforce traditional gender and sexuality stereotypes through the depiction of characteristics traditionally associated with masculinity and femininity. The inherent gender dichotomies apparent in societyRead MoreLiterature Review Of The Old Spice Crews 968 Words   |  4 Pageshave found are and describe briefly how it gives you the context necessary to answer your question effectively. Hegemonic masculinity and media consumption It appears that men are more likely to connect with campaigns that endorse the â€Å"patriarchic culture of aggression, male dominance and control† (Kluch, 2015, p373). For example, considering the two Old Spice advertising campaigns aimed towards attracting opposite sexes, males seemed more supportive of the campaign featuring Terry Crews. Crews’Read MoreSexism Within Advertising : A New Era Of Social Justice1397 Words   |  6 Pagesof completely eradicating them will be even more difficult. An example of these mistreatments is sexism in advertising. Sexism is obviously apparent in advertising due to the fact that it solidifies toxic gender roles, introduces women as objects that can merely be bought, and sexualizes normal woman processes. Gender stereotyping may be one of the most common forms of sexism in advertising. These stereotypes can be broken down into three categories: the stereotype that portrays women as house workersRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women1655 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment, female objectification remains normalized in today’s culture. It is incorporated into our society so significantly, that we do not even notice the objectification that permeates the media (Cortese, 2008). Female objectification in advertising is one case in which this issue can be seen. Such advertisements imply gender roles, therefore, influence the values and attitudes associated with misogyny (Hovland, 2005). The integration of patriarchy and capitalism systems in our society hasRead MoreOozing Hegemonic Masculinity in the Super Bowl Commercials702 Words   |  3 Pages2012 Super Bowl commercials ooze hegemonic masculinity. In this post David Mayeda explores how a masculinity can be used to opress men and women a like. Back in 1987, Raewyn Connell coined the term hegemonic masculinity in a seminal text, Gender Power. Hegemonic masculinity refers to the dominant form of masculinity that exists within a particular culture. Relative to this ever changing, idealized form of masculinity are different subordinated masculinities – those within a culture that do not liveRead MoreGender Socialization : Social Expectations And Attitudes Associated With One s Gender1372 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolve around gender and gender socialization. Gender socialization is â€Å"the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one’s gender† (Chegg). Our book discusses gender socialization regarding the expectations for masculinity and femininity (Wood 2015). Most companies use these expectations to create their advertisements, but some companies contradict the expectations to create a different vision for gender advertisements. The gendered advertisement campaign that I’m

Sports Franchise Simulation First Half Reflections

Sport Franchise Simulation – First Half Reflections Introduction For four seasons now, Swansea City has enjoyed a foray into professional sports leagues as part of a sports franchise simulation. Competing in division three of the National Sports League, Swansea has been challenged to develop a business strategy that optimises profits despite their unique, franchise-specific limitations in revenue earning capability. Franchise management has been astonished to learn the extent to which these revenue limitations affect business decisions, as detailed in the following report. After brief descriptions of Swansea City’s expectations as a franchise and resultant business strategy, this report summarises the events from the League’s first four†¦show more content†¦With the primary variable being the team s win percentage (Wx), their revenue function was formulated as such: R = 12 + 20(Wx) - 30(Wx)^2, where R equals revenue in millions. What this meant was that, at any win percentage, Swansea’s revenue was predicted to be the second-lowest in the league compared to the amount other teams would make from the same number of wins. This offered valuable insight to assist the formation of Swansea s business strategy, but only when considered alongside the franchise s operating costs. The primary expense for all league teams was the salary of talented players, but the cost of talent varied between league divisions. Swansea City competed in the third division, where each unit of talent was retained for one million dollars per season. Although Swansea s management considered vying for promotion to the second division - where talent salaries increased to two million per season - this option was discarded, as discussed in the overview of Swansea City s business strategy next. Business strategy Swansea City s revenue function indeed clarified the franchise s choice of division, but this only became evident after calculating optimum talent levels. Swansea s talent in relation to those of other teams was identified as being the primary factor influencing win percentage, which, as described above, in turn had the greatest effect upon the franchise s revenue earning capability. So, to begin talentShow MoreRelatedAirheads Business Analysis Essay34215 Words   |  137 PagesReferences 104 Appendices 114 Executive Summary Airheads USA, LLC is an indoor trampoline arena owned by Steve Johnston and Richard Heruska. This firm falls within the family entertainment center (FEC) industry and opened its first location in 2010. Currently, the business has three open locations: Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Orlando. It offers services specifically for trampoline usage but also diversifies by providing an arcade and a cafà ©. 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To help instructors teach international management, this text is accompanied by a revised and expanded Instructor’s Resource Manual, Test Bank, and PowerPoint Slides, all of which are availableRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 Pagesinto the process. In fact, in many valuations, the price gets set first and the valuation follows. The obvious solution is to eliminate all bias before starting on a valuation, but this is easier said than done. Given the exposure we have to external information, analyses and opinions about a firm, it is unlikely that we embark on most valuations without some bias. There are two ways of reducing the bias in the process. The first is to avoid taking strong public positions on the value of a firm beforeRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesReferrals and Recommendations 138 External Searches 139 Advertisements 139 Employment Agencies 140 Schools, Colleges, and Universities 142 Job Fairs 143 Professional Organizations 143 Unsolicited Applicants 143 Preemployment Testing 160 Performance Simulation Tests 160 Work Sampling 160 Assessment Centers 160 Testing in a Global Arena 160 DID YOU KNOW?: Too Much Information 161 Comprehensive Interviews 161 Interview Effectiveness 162 Interview Issues 162 Interview Bias 162 Online RecruitingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesChoice Using Global Virtual Teams as an Environmental Choice 315 Myth or Science? â€Å"Teams Work Best Under Angry Leaders† 320 Self-Assessment Library What Is My Team Efficacy? 322 Point/Counterpoint We Can Learn Much About Work Teams from Studying Sports Teams 326 Questions for Review 327 Experiential Exercise Fixed versus Variable Flight Crews 327 Ethical Dilemma Unethical Teams 327 Case Incident 1 Why Don’t Teams Work Like They’re Supposed to? 328 Case Incident 2 Multicultural Multinational TeamsRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesUniversity AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO †¢ SAN FRANCISCO †¢ SINGAPORE †¢ SYDNEY †¢ TOKYO Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1992 Second edition 1997 Reprinted 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003 Third edition 2005 Copyright  © 1992, 1997, 2005, Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan. All rights reserved The right of Richard M.S. Wilson and Colin Gilligan to be identified asRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 Pagescoursesmart.com). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Our thanks go to our professional colleagues who have used one or more editions of this textbook and have provided valuable feedback to us directly, or responded to review requests by our publisher, since the first edition in 1991. The list is too long to provide here, but we hope that all of you will accept our collective, anonymous Thank You! Special thanks also go to academic colleagues (mostly current and prior Indiana University faculty and students)Read MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagescontrollable, these external factors must be monitored and dealt with since these can potentially cause considerable harm to the organization. Ignoring outside elements also can lead to missed opportunities in the market especially if competitors are the first to take advantage of the opportunities. As part of the strategic and tactical planning process discussed above it would be wise for marketers to pay close attention to the environment outside the organization. 3.1. EVOLUTION OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT:

Nigerian Product Marketing Co. Ltd.†Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nigerian Product Marketing Co. Ltd. Answer: Introduction: According to Latimer (2010, p. 112) a misrepresentation is a false statement which is made by a party to a contract through which the innocent party is persuaded to get into the contract. There are three types of Misrepresentations, namely innocent, fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation. A misrepresentation is innocent where the party making it does not have knowledge about it. A fraudulent misrepresentation takes place when a party deliberately indulges in misrepresentation. A negligent misrepresentation is triggered when the party unknowingly makes a false presentation but if it took reasonable steps, the mistake could have been avoided. In the case of Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 it had been ruled by the court that the aggrieved party has the right to recession as well as damages for any losses incurred by him in relation to a negligent misrepresentation. Richard has entered into a contract with Emma (agent of Shocks Are Us) for purchasing shock absorbers required to restore his jeeps and enable it to operate on rough rods. He has been provided with wrong absorbers. He relied on the advice of Emma to purchase them and Emma had reasonable chance to ensure that he provides Richard with correct advice. Therefore negligent misrepresentation has been done by Emma and as per Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd Richard can opt for recession and also claim losses incurred by him. When a person paid a less payment in relation to an already existing contractual duty he cannot rely on the fact that the balance had been forgiven by the other party unless an additional consideration was provided by him and is liable to pay the full amount. These provisions have been discussed by the court in relation to addressing the issue in the case of Foakes v Beer (1883-84) L.R. 9 App. Cas. 605. On the other hand it had been ruled by the court in the case of Woodhouse A.C. Israel Cocoa Ltd. v. Nigerian Product Marketing Co. Ltd. [1972] AC 741 that a party can uses the doctrine of promissory estoppels as a defense against a claim but not as a claim itself where there has been a change in the initial contractual duty and the position of the party due to the a unambiguous and clear promise made by the other party. The scenario depicts that a clear and unambiguous agreement has been made between Richard and George for paying only the actual rent and not the increased rent. However George does not recognize the promise and claims that no contracts have been formed between them. The claim made by George is a valid claim under the provisions of contract law and the rules provided the Foakes v Beer case. However, Richard has the right to make a claim under the principles of equity to enforce the promise of George. He has a very strong claim under the rules of promissory estoppels as provided by the case of Woodhouse. This is because there has been a change in the initial contractual duty of Richard and his financial position as well (spent money for tools) due to an unambiguous and clear promise made by George. The primary case which deals with the issue is the landmark English case of Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132. The case dealt with several issues such as an unequivocal acceptance, a counter offer and the rejection of an offer. The primary ruling of this case was that an offer is liable to be rejected (ended and not eligible for acceptance any longer) when a counter offer or an unequivocal acceptance has been made against it. Tom made offer to Richard to purchase a Mercedes which had been advertised by Richard to be sold at $20000. The offer price of Tom is only $18500 and thus Richard did not accept the offer and proposed to sell the car at $19000. This means that as the acceptances is not unequivocal it is a counter offer and evidently as per the rules provided by the Hyde v Wrench case it defeats the offer of Tom to purchase the car at $18500. Now unless Tom makes a fresh offer to purchase the car he is under no liability to purchase the car as the offer for $18500 has already been ended. There are certain situation in which a consideration cannot be considered as a valid consideration. One of such conditions is that if an activity has been done before a offer was made by the other party then the activity is not a valid consideration and is also known as past consideration. The rule was provided by Re Casey's Patent (1892) A past consideration may however be valid under certain circumstances including a situation where the act or omission was due to the request of the promisor and where it was clear that a compensation is to be provided for the activity. This rule was provided by Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 The activity of martin to care for the garage belonging to Richard did not arise out of a request which has been made by Richard to him. In addition the act was done before the promise of providing the Car for free had been made. Thus the act falls under the scope of rules relating to past consideration. In addition the exception is also not valid in the situation. Bibliography Foakes v Beer (1883-84) L.R. 9 App. Cas. 605. Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1964] AC 465 Hyde v Wrench (1840) 49 ER 132. Latimer, P (2010).Australian Business Law, 29th ed, North Ryde: CCH Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 Re Casey's Patent (1892) Woodhouse A.C. Israel Cocoa Ltd. v. Nigerian Product Marketing Co. Ltd. [1972] AC 741

the battle of somme Essay Example For Students

the battle of somme Essay The battle of the Somme began in the summer of 1916. The British saw their opportunity to look good and be the saviour of the moment. However, this did not occur. A four hundred and fifty mile trench network, stretching from the Swiss border up and into Belgium, was opened up and the battle had truly started. The battle soon deteriorated into trench warfare causing no progress to either side. The Generals decided to forge an all-out offensive on the weaker points of the German lines and started a forty-eight hour bombardment on these points. However, due to poor weather, the forty-eight hour period was stretched to seven days of heavy shelling. The idea was to wipe out the German barbed wire and the majority of men. We will write a custom essay on the battle of somme specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Germans overheard a radio conversation and discovered the British plan. They dug deep trenches and practiced on setting up their machine guns quickly. They were ready for anything the British and French could throw at them. In truth, a third of the shells failed to explode and the few that did, hit no mans land or the unused trenches. After seven days of complete bombardment, the majority of the six foot high barbed wire was still standing and in good condition. The British generals, who believed that blood was the price of victory, were preparing for the final assault, the big push. At 7:22 am, the biggest man-made explosion was set off underneath the Germans. This went wrong with nearly half of the mine not exploding or exploding in the face of the minelayers. However, six minutes later, the mind numbing bombardment stopped and, for the first time in just over a week, the bird song could be heard. Only a mere two minutes after that, the big push commenced as thousands of men wa lked over the top. The generals had told them that no Germans had survived and they should walk proudly across the open no mans land. The confidence was so high that some men kicked footballs across the wide-open space. This, however, was all in vain as the well-protected Germans in their deep bunkers had emerged and were ready to shoot. They mowed the British forces down like target practice which no allies standing any chance. This resulted in a huge loss of life. Source A- From Douglas Haigs Despatch, 23 December 1916 This source shows us the three main objectives of the Somme that the British actually fulfilled. The date tells us that it was written after the battle and is a sort of justification for what happened. This despatch would have presumably been published so any citizen could pick up a copy that tells us that he was telling the public about the successes in the battle. However, there is no mention of the failed objectives such as the big push into or the breaking through the German lines. This source can be cross-referenced with source I which is a map showing the ground gained and the casualties. Source B- Haig communicating to Lloyd-George during the SommeThis source has no date but we are told that it is during the Somme. This note is clearly a note of desperation as the fact that the note is to the minister of munitions, Lloyd-George, shows. It therefore indicates that things are not going well in the battle. The note shows ver y little imagination as it talks about the same old things, tactics and one last push. It also tells us that he has no apparent backup plan so a loss would be a disaster. Source C- Extract of a report sent in December 1916 by Haig to the British Cabinet about the affects of the battle of the SommeThis source again shows Haig trying to justify his actions but this time he doesnt just say about the successful things he admits to being wrong about the ground capture. The nature of the source is a private letter to the Cabinet and not for publication, thus Haig has to admit to what is already obvious about the lack of ground gained. This source also is a good example of typical Haig in which he sees it as a success as the enemys casualties were greater than ours and it shows his carelessness for human life. This source contains a phrase about forcing the Germans out of defensive positions, this seems to be untrue as they didnt break through the lines and the barbed wire with the machine guns were still intact. Source E seems to agree to this statement. .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .postImageUrl , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:hover , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:visited , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:active { border:0!important; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:active , .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub1c78721f6256ee4f3508d72392cffcd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hamlet 3 EssaySource D- Extract from a letter written by Lloyd-George to Haig on 21st September 1916 after his visit to the SommeThis source is slightly more complicated than the rest. Lloyd-George appears to praise Haig despite their rivalry but at the time, Lloyd-George was ambitious to become Prime Minister in the place of Asquith. However, if Lloyd-George was to run for Prime minister, he would need somebody influential to aid his bid; somebody like Haig. When judging this source, we have to keep in mind Lloyd-Georges political ambitions. On his visit to the Somme, he would have only been shown the better parts so his sight of the battle would cloud his judgement. Sour ce E- Extract from My War Memoirs by the German General Ludendorff, published in 1919This piece is evidence from after the event, secondary evidence. Therefore it doesnt carry so much judgement with it but Ludendorff was a key member of the German team. He obviously seems to support objective c in Source A. This piece is a justification of his part in the German war effort and tries to justify his part in the defeat. The piece is also written in the recent light of the Treaty of Versailles and he is trying to show how unfair it was on the Germans. Source F- From AJP Taylors The First World War published in 1963AJP Taylor is seen as one of the most illustrious historians of the twentieth century. His theories about the battle, Lions led by Donkeys, are famous. This piece is written with hindsight and a different perspective. He is well known for being anti world war one generals and this is shown in this piece. However, due to the fact that it is written nearly fifty years later and that it contradicts Source E, I find this piece as little use as it is just what he has been told and was not around in those time to learn firsthand. Source G-Extract from Marc Ferros The Great War 1914-1918 Published in 1969Marc Ferro was a French Marxist historian who was strongly anti-British. He only focuses on the bad points of the British effort and none of the good points such as Verdun. Factual evidence shows that the British effort in the Somme was vital to the war as it saved the French from being breached. It almost certainly saved Paris from falling. He is very biased and unfair on the British as he could have been under German rule should the British not opened up the offensive along the Somme. Source H- Photograph of a still taken from the film The Battle of the Somme which was shown to British cinema audiences in the late summer and autumn of 1916, while the battle was still going onThis source is a still from a staged trench behind British lines. It was meant to inspire the cinema audiences and boost morale. The very fact that the government was making this film suggests that things are going badly. By the autumn of 1916, the press had started printing a list of the deaths and the citizens were beginning to ask questions. This source obviously supports the statement but the photo in itself doesnt tell us much as it is a fake. Source I- Map showing the battle lines of the SommeThis map tells us that very little ground was gained during the battle. The authenticity is unsure but from my own knowledge I can verify it as very accurate to what really happened. It clearly indicates that the Somme was a disaster compared with the ground gained and the lives lost. This source can be cross-referenced with Source A that says nothing about the ground to be gained; it is backed up by the maps evidence. .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .postImageUrl , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:hover , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:visited , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:active { border:0!important; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:active , .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ab418a2ff5ddb1f0819976dc9c5ef3b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Salem Witch Trials EssaySource J- A British soldiers opinion of the instructions to cross no mans land at slow walking paceThis source is just one soldiers view and is easy to dismiss as a stock evaluation. My own knowledge tells me that most of the front line soldiers would have had this opinion. On this evidence, it tells us that an ordinary front line soldier would see things as a futile loss of life, survival and bad mistakes by the generals. Presumably, they would not see it as objectively as the generals. Source As points about pressure relief at Verdun would not matter to the average soldiers. Therefore, he was only looking out for himself in this article and no t for the war effort. Also, this source clearly supports the statement. In conclusion, from this range of sources, I have discovered that many of they sources that at first sight looked as against this statement, are actually for the statement once they have been studied in detail. How ever I find these sources to generally support the statement but there is no clear answer. For example, Source A has three points of which some were fulfilled and others that were not; is this classed as a for or against the statement? I chose to classify it as a for due to the fact that Haig missed out some key war points which were not fulfilled. However, I find these sources satisfactory in supporting the statement.

Freewriting in English Composition

Freewriting in English Composition In composition, freewriting is a discovery (or prewriting) strategy intended to encourage the development of ideas without concern for the conventional rules of writing. Also called  stream-of-consciousness writing. Put another way, freewriting is like warming-up on a pitcher’s mound or tossing a few baskets before the real game begins. There’s no pressure because there are no rules, and nobody is keeping score. When freewriting, advises Peter Elbow in Writing Without Teachers, Never stop to look back, to cross something out, to wonder how to spell something, to wonder what word or thought to use, or to think about what you are doing. Freewriting Freewriting is the easiest way to get words on paper and the best all-around practice in writing that I know. To do a freewriting exercise, simply force yourself to write without stopping for ten minutes. Sometimes you will produce good writing, but that’s not the goal. Sometimes you will produce garbage, but that’s not the goal either. You may stay on one topic; you may flip repeatedly from one to another: it doesn’t matter. Sometimes you will produce a good record of your stream of consciousness, but often you can’t keep up. Speed is not the goal, though sometimes the process revs you up. If you can’t think of anything to write, write about how that feels or repeat over and over I have nothing to write or Nonsense or No. If you get stuck in the middle of a sentence or thought, just repeat the last word or phrase till something comes along. The only point is to keep writing. . . .The goal of freewriting is in the process, not the product.(Peter Elb ow, Writing With Power: Techniques for Mastering the Writing Process, 2nd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, 1998) Start Writing You can sit there, tense and worried, freezing the creative energies, or you can start writing something, perhaps something silly. It simply doesnt matter what you write; it only matters that you write. In five or ten minutes, the imagination will heat, the tightness will fade, and a certain spirit and rhythm will take over.(Leonard S. Bernstein,  Getting Published: The Writer in the Combat Zone. William Morrow, 1986) Planners and Plungers Roy Peter Clark of the Poynter Institute, a midcareer school for journalists, and Don Fry, a freelance writing coach, divide writers into planners and plungers. Like Don, Im a planner who likes to know the central point and general organization of what hes about to write before he types the first line. Roys a plunger. So sometimes he just jumps into a topic and starts writing whatever comes to mind. After a while, a focus emerges. Then he backs out, throws away most of what hes written, and starts over. He calls that first round of writing a vomit draft.In more polite circles, thats called freewriting.(Jack R. Hart, A Writers Coach: An Editors Guide to Words That Work. Random House, 2006) Freewriting in a Journal Freewriting can be compared to the warming-up exercises that athletes perform; freewriting limbers up the muscles of your mind gets you in the mood, undams the stream of language.  Here is a bit of practical advice: if you have mental writers cramp, merely sit down with your  journal  and start entering words in it, just as they pop into your mind; dont even think about sentences necessarily, but fill a complete page of your journal with spontaneously discovered words. There is a good chance that this uncontrolled, effortless writing will begin to assume a direction that you can follow.(W. Ross Winterowd,  The Contemporary Writer: A Practical Rhetoric, 2nd ed., Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981) Freespeaking If you are better at talking out than writing out your ideas, try freespeaking, the talking version of freewriting. Begin by speaking into a tape recorder or into a computer with voice-recognition software, and just keep talking about your topic for at least seven to ten minutes. Say whatever comes to your mind, and dont stop talking. You can then listen to or read the results of your freespeaking and look for an idea to pursue at greater length.(Andrea Lunsford, The St. Martins Handbook, Bedford/St. Martins, 2008)

Pope Leo III - Charlemagnes Pope - Pope Saint Leo III

Pope Leo III - Charlemagne's Pope - Pope Saint Leo III Pope Leo III was also known as: Charlemagnes Pope Pope Leo III is noted for: crowning Charlemagne Emperor and establishing the precedent that only the pope could confer the imperial crown. Leo was also physically attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predeccessor. Occupation Role in Society: PopeSaint Places of Residence and Influence: Italy Important Dates: Elected pope: Dec. 26, 795Attacked: April 25, 799Died: June 12, 816 About Pope Leo III: Rather than keeping the papacy independent of secular authorities, Leo deliberately took steps to ally with Charlemagne and his growing empire. Attacked in the streets of Rome by supporters of his predecessors nephew, Leo sought the aid of Charlemagne and eventually crowned him emperor, establishing an important precedent. As pope, Leo was adept in diplomacy and managed to keep his Carolingian allies from exerting any real influence on matters of doctrine. He died in 816. For more about Leo, visit your Guides Concise Biography of Pope Leo III. More Leo III Resources: Concise Biography of Pope Leo IIIImage of Leo crowning Charlemagne Leo III on the Web Pope St. Leo IIIFairly substantial bio by Horace K. Mann at the Catholic Encyclopedia.Pope Saint Leo IIIConcise collection of useful data, heavily hyperlinked, at the Patron Saints Index. Leo III in Print The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. by Richard P. McBrienby P. G. Maxwell-Stuart Chronological Index Geographical Index Index by Profession, Achievement, or Role in Society

Use of Psychometric Tests in Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Use of Psychometric Tests in Selection - Essay Example Management therefore faces the risks of not hiring the proper person and it would just be a waste of resources to have hired people who will not be contributing to attainment of the goal of the organization. Being aid to employee selection and development decisions and processes, psychometric tests could not just be administered nor delegated to anybody as there are costs and risks that are involved in the decisions. In the same way that employees' submitted credentials must be verified for authenticity and reliability, psychometric tests are to be evaluated also in terms of validity and reliability of the test. It may be asked whether it is possible to the have most effective way to evaluate the reliability and validity of any assessment tests so to help the decision maker know exactly how to find the right productive people with certainty and predictability without any catastrophe in hiring any wrong people who simply look good. PsyAsia International (2007) cited a Hong Kong website of an employee testing system that with worldwide claim that testing the people one knows very well will allow one to know which assessment test can be valid and reliable to use. PsyAsia International heavily the claim as to show need for understanding the real essence of test of validity and reliability.3 responded that the obvious assumption is that we know ourselves well and so if the test report provides an accurate reflection of the self that we know, it "must" be valid." 4Using research as basis of criticism, PsyAsia International5 did expose how defective such assessments of test reports by individuals. It therefore cited a study where human resource professionals attending a conference were asked to complete a personality test.After the personality test, the same professionals were given a randomly generated narrative report but said participants were NOT told that it had been randomly generated and they were asked to evaluate its accuracy. What came out was that 90% of the respondents agreed that the report was either amazingly accurate or very accurate. Were the participants really good in evaluating the accuracy' Or, could it imply that what was randomly selected has the great probability that the result of the test has a statistically significant basis and therefore must be reliable'It would seem from the above result of research that it was indeed easy to have known that 90% of respondents agreed, but how accurate are the respondents' report' PsyAsia International reminded of suggestions made by various worldwide psychological societies and academics to assess at least 4 types of validity when evaluating tests.6 In the same context then, PsyAsia Internat

Annotated list of resources Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

List of resources - Annotated Bibliography Example I think that it would be a reliable source for parents or educators seeking such programs. Raz-Kids is, essentially, an online library and reading program all in one, intended for young readers in the range of K through 6. They offer to improve children’s reading through reading for practice, recording the student reading, listening for modeled fluency, and checking comprehension through quizzes assigned to them. Children are encouraged to read, â€Å"†¦The right books for the right students.† ("Raz-kids.com: Online leveled," 2012) This can give the instructors the opportunity to properly track progress. By having the opportunity to have the library of the books in the â€Å"level† with a subscription, children can log in and read from anywhere that they have internet access. This side is adequate in its presentation. It is intended to be kid-friendly with bright colors, but internal access beyond the overview and sample pages is denied without opening an account with the site. This, in my opinion, makes this resource, by no means less credible, but less likely my first choice when reviewing such sites. So with no disrespect intended it is just less essay to give a truly genuine opinion of the overall potential of this particular program The San Diego Zoo website offers a section dedicated to kids, of all ages, that have games, activities, and articles that designed for the young. However, they do not offer a reading program per say, but they have â€Å"kits† available that educators can purchase filled with interactive, hands on activities, as well as, reading and science activities. The overall intention is to teach children those vital skills but, also, inspire children toward science and conservation. The lessons plans provided include skills tests for each section in the form of language arts, arts, and early science skills.("San

Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Marketing Research Essay Conclusion The purpose of this research is to identify whether Dilmah should continue the current campaign or modify the campaign. The result from the secondary research and primary qantative research show the total black tea sales has great increased about 13% from 2008 – 2009 which is a fantastic result in the world economic recession period of time. Dilmah has market share of 29% which is the highest share of one brand. Dilmah target customer is traditional family and age is from middle to mature group. The Larry report says their customers are satisiftied with the freshest and finest tea quality and consumers agreed Dilmah has achieved the goal of tea quality. The main tea market are in Auckland 51% in 2009, Wellington and Canterburry. From primary research findings, female has higher purchasing tea percentage than male and the age group is 36 and more. People who are employeed as income earner less than 20 hours is recall seeing the TV advertising. Dilmah doesn’t have the top of mind brand awareness for the age group 36-45 but it is mostly recognized by the age group 26-35. Dilmah issues Bell is a very strong competitetor of Dilmah in black tea market as they have a very close market share percentages over years from 2005 to 2009. Bell is more reconigized at the age group of 35 – 46 by 94% (193) but the age group of 18 – 25 and 46 and over still have 67% and 61% top of mind brand awareness for Bell. The 58% of age group 26 – 35 has top of mind brand awareness for Dilmah and the 33% of age group 18 – 25 has top of mind brand awareness for Dilmah. 59% of male and 64% female all reconigized Bell but 39% male and 13% female know Dilmah as top of mind brandawareness. 6% of less 20 hrs knows Bell but 15% knows Dilmah. 61% of non employeed knows Dilmah†¦but which they might not be the main group who purchase tea normally in the household. 32% of 35 – 46 who purchased tea Be to cafe last 4 weeks: Female purchased tea more $704,000 and is about 4 times than male $188,000 at sales. Top main 3 group purchase tea 40 – 44, 45  œ 49 and 70 and over RM: Who bought tea last 4 months: * 2 main group:64% of traditional family (middle to mature age with stable income and family oriented and traditional value) and 41% visible achievers and they have very similar family values Who purchased tea last 3 months * 36 – 45 and 46 and over for bell (29% of interviewers purchased Bell Tea) * 26 – 35 and 36 – 45 for Dilmah (30% of interviewer purchased Dilmah) * 25% purchased Twinings The market trend to drink black has started from 2007 because the black tea sale. The total black sale of 2005 to 2009 has increased steadily which presented the successful of the media and publicity from the secondary data findings. The result shows that those three major brands Dilmah, Bell and Twinings are invested into the most effective forms of media at the past three to four years. Dilmah media expenditure has always been the highest in TV advertising from 2005 – 2008 ( 67% to 91% of Dilmah total expenditure of media) apart from 2009 comparing to the major three tea brands. Bell, the second tea brand spent the most amount of money in TV advertisement at 2009 which showed the result of the total tea sale was the only one brand has had increases sales from 2008 to 2009 about few percentages. Dilmah reduced the spending for TV advertisement about 23% which has slightly reduced the tea sales about little percentage but Dilmah is still No. 1 of black tea market. As a result, Dilmah has been always focusing on the right media form for advertising their product and has been successful on the result of sales and market share. Nevertheless, Dilmah still lacks the brand awareness as it shows in the primary / qanatative research findings that Dilmah did not come to â€Å"Top of mind brand awareness† and Bell was the first tea brand comes to their mind. 62% of interviewers chose Bell and only 22% of interviewers chose Dilmah which makes Dilmah comes second. This clearly shows Dilmah has significant issue about the brand awareness which has always been an issue of them trying to achieve it. From the research findings, the main group which has been purchased tea for last four months are The total black tea market sales from 2008 – 2009 has huge growth about 13%. The total The purpose of this research is to identify whether Dilmah should continue the current campaign or modify the campaign. The result from the secondary research and primary qantative research are showing the most effective forms of media and publicity is TV advertising which the campaign is focusing on. The past few years that Dilmah has been focus on TV advertising and the result shows the sales of Dilmah black tea has been increased steadily. It proved TV advertising has achieved the result of increasing the sales of tea. The research has investigated the 5 objectives which are key trends in the tea market, key customer segments and a profile of each, levels of brand awareness and measure attitudes towards teas as a drink. The findings show Dilmah should continue the current campaign as it is. Key trend in the tea market (market size, market share and price†¦etc) Key customer segment and a profile of each Brand Awareness The most effective form of media and publicity Attitude toward to tea as a drink Recommendation Id research problems / to understand / to investigate / to explore The primary research has contained five objectives are key trend in the tea market, key customer segments, the most effective forms of media and publicity and the measurement attitude towards tea as a drink. Unfortunately, it has had 800 survey but female is almost double of male. This may because the survey accuracy as the secondary research findings shows female has much higher percentage of purchasing the tea which might affect the survey. Beside, there is one more important finding that from middle to mature age groups are also the main groups of tea purchasing. The survey also has higher percentage people at the age group of 36 – 45 and 45 and over. In the primary research, it has covered quite well at the brand awareness question but there are not enough information which required to support the campaign should keep going or modify at the objectives of effectiveness of media, attitude to buy / drink tea and profile of customer segment. The key customer segment by employment should be full time worker, part time worker or non-employed. It will be good to know who does grocery shopping of the household. Full time housewife with out job or Housewife with part time job, part time student or full time student The attitude toward to tea as drink will be good to have the question of what kind of tea is the most favorite to drink? Answer to be black, herbal and green tea which can help to know the current trend of drink tea. * Main reasons of purchasing the tea What kind packaging is the most favourite etc paper bag, tin, glass jar †¦etc†¦ * What kind of advertising comes to mind when you think about tea advertising? * What would you expect to see from tea advertising? Tea history, fashion trend, tea taste†¦etc * Attitude to buy / drinking tea? (change to actionable statement – to identify * Effectiveness of advertising * Profile of segments – behaviour (drinking tea) The secondary and primary researches have got a numbers of good information and data to support the continued campaign of TV advertisement as the most effective form of media. However, it still lack the important information and data key customer segment, attitude toward to tea as drink and the type of tea advertising to support the campaign. The key customer segment will indicate which group is main consumers purchase tea for the household and when and where will the best time to have campaign on according the life consumers. The great information of attitude toward tea as drink can modify the campaign to the advertising that consumers would expect to see and also show who main consumers are. The type of media form will encourage consumers to purchase Dilmah tea brand. Sometimes, it is very hard to encourage consumers to change the brand they have drunk for long time as tea is a very family oriented drink. Drinking tea can be the family habit which dominated by the main person who is shopping for the household. For that reason, it is essential to have the focus group qualitative research to The research requires 8 – 12 people and homogeneous in terms of demorgraphic and socio-economic characteristics. Of course, those people need to have the habit of drinking tea. The final thing is has not participated in many focus groups. The reseach will also require a relax environment and it will takes about 1. 5 – 2 hours. The research will be recorded all relvant information including facial expression and body language so the recorder will need to be in the central front of the room behind the moderator. The moderator will question the group and lead the discussion to the proper way to encourage the group not be afraid to express own ideas and opinions. A good qualified moderator will be detached but kind and Final statement Identify the need for qual research †¦ (topic) To explain yes we have got some good information but still lack some important information†¦ for support to provide more about how to present to public†¦ to recommend what should need according to behaviour†¦ or age group†¦ Just comes one statement that is actionable to complete by the research (your task)†¦ Going to Appendix Good morning/ afternoon Thank you for taking the time to meet with us. We will honor your time by making sure that we wrap up in the next 90 minutes. Does anyone mind if we tape record this for our records? The tape will be only use for the case study of the major tea brand campaign design. We are researchers under contract with the major tea brand to conduct the tea brand awareness and the attitude toward to tea as a drink. Our evaluation is formative and qualitative. This means that our primary point is to gather information that helps the major tea brand origination finest tea product and improve the brand awareness. The information we collect is by design descriptive rather than numeric. We have a system for quantifying qualitative information, but for now, we don’t need to be concerned with counting things. We just want your ideas and opinions. There is no right and wrong for each question and each idea and opinion are all very valuable information for the research. Any question before we start? Be sure that everyone signs and completes the info on the sign-up sheet. Key themes Suggested question End the guide with some kind of thank you and conclusion – recognize that people will have gone out of their way to participate

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry Essay -- Half Caste Search

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry For my essay I will be looking at two poems which deal with the experience of moving between different cultures, these are Half-Caste and Search for My Tongue. These poems are written from experience. John Agard the author of Half-Caste was born in Gugana and moved to Britain in 1977. He is half-caste himself and his poem expresses his feelings about the term half-caste. Sujata Bhatt the authoress of Search for My Tongue was born in India in 1956, her family moved to the United States of America in the 1960's and she now lives in Germany. In her poem Search for My Tongue she explains how she feels about having two different languages her birth language, Gujerati and her second language, German. Half-Caste and Search for My Tongue, create very vivid images, which makes it easier for the reader to interpret and understand both the poems and the authors' opinion on the different cultures. Half- Caste creates many images, by using descriptive language and humour. It creates such images as a man, 'standing on leg' and having 'half mih ear' because he is only half-caste so he only has half what a normal person would have but it also creates images about objects 'mix a red an green is a half-caste canvas' and even music 'mix a black key wid a white key is a half-caste symphony'. This helps the reader to understand how the author is feeling about the term half-caste, and can also come to a conclusion about the term themselves. All the imagery in this poem makes the reader think about how anybody who has ever been called half-caste feels. Search for My Tongue creates a very vivid image using very descriptive metaphors, 'it grows back, a stump of a shoot, grows ... ...age which creates vivid images for the reader. Using gujerati in the middle of the poems shows that her mother tongue, her birth language, is still strong and at times, even stronger then her second language. In conclusion both of these poems deal with the issues faced when moving between different cultures in their own ways. They both use language and imagery to express their messages Half- Caste explores the way that we use the term 'half-caste' in our vocabulary and exaggerates it. This is to a great effect as it makes the reader think more about racial issues and the way that we treat people from different cultures. Search for my Tongue deals with moving between different cultures by actually writing about the language barriers and losing your identity. This is how we can link the poems together and show how people move between different cultures.

Bangladesh newspaper Essay

Bangla newspaper has a great importance from freedom war 1971 to show. Bangladeshi general peoples were being informed about the political. societal and economical position and activities from Bangla newspaper during under Pakistani authorities. This is besides major grounds of political activities in the past and present. The day-to-day Prothom Alo and the day-to-day Ittefaq is the taking newspaper in Bangladesh. A batch of national and non-government advertizements are published these two newspapers. Bangladeshi publishing media is really strong in the universe because a immense figure of Bangla newspapers are published day-to-day nationally and locally in this state of land country of 1lac 44 thousand square kilometre. In malice of debut of new media like Bangla orbiter channels. FM and local wirelesss and on-line intelligence. Bangla newspaper is still really popular in our state because old peoples and house married woman prefer newspaper to Television. wireless or on-line intel ligence. Another advantage of newspaper is that it can be read any clip of the twenty-four hours. Particular involvement to peculiar subdivision like athleticss. political. manner and manner. international intelligence. concern or column may change from adult male to adult male but most of peoples like political and taking intelligence subdivision. Leading intelligence. editorialist articles and column are most favourite subdivision in Bangla newspaper. Online Bangla newspaper is going more popular twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours for those people working in office or concern because update intelligence are acquiring immediately and they have non adequate clip to read newspaper individually in place or office. Above all the imortance of Bangla newspaper can non explained shortly. It opens the door of cognition and present state of affairs by presenting of import massage invariably.

Warcraft III: Dota

What is Dota? Dota or Protection of the historical is a personalized scenario for the true-time strategy video video game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and it's growth, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, dependent on the â€Å"Aeon of Strife† map for StarCraft. The objective of the scenario is for each crew to ruin the opponents' Ancients, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. Players use strong units recognized as heroes, and are assisted by allied heroes and AI-controlled fighters called â€Å"creeps†. As in purpose-playing games, people level up their hero and use gold to acquire tools for the duration of the mission.Does Dota truly have an effect on the youth nowadays? Does it support the youth right now? Or it corrupts the minds of the youth who are playing this video game? Allow us search at Dota's positive aspects and disadvantages. Dota will help the youth who are actively playing this sport to turn into mentally inform, cooperative, and strate gic. It also increases their knowledge in mathematics by computing the gold's, damages, magic and bodily reduction present in the gaming. In fact, Dota really helps the youth by enjoying this game. In the other hand, enjoying this game with out time conduite and priority can lead to irresponsibility.Beginning from their obligations, the youth spend far more time enjoying this video game fairly than doing their duties. Research had been forgotten, college students grew to become lazy, and relationships with the family members had been also impacted due to the fact of this video game. Enjoying this sport also triggers the player to lose his/her temper and values. Why? It simply since of the distinct languages employed during the game or what we called â€Å"Trash talks†. Trash talks such as foul languages can really eliminate their temper and values. As a end result, the both sides will battle from every single†¦

Polaroid Market Analysis Essay Example

Polaroid Market Analysis Essay Example Polaroid Market Analysis Paper Polaroid Market Analysis Paper Market Analysis 1-People – Target market Polaroid digital-imaging products are targeted to mostly middle and upper income bracket consumers, mostly young adults regardless of age or cultural background that invest in these product for personal use. They are also geared to attract photojournalist, professional photographers and business such as; real estates and advertising agencies. 2-Product: Digital-imaging products market exploded in 1994 and the demand was rapidly expanding to include various models of individual product. Some digital-imaging include, digital camera where photos can be stored on a hard disk and process and retrieve through computers and software, the film camera and scanner which comprise of a magnetic disk that is use to print photos from a computer. There is also the video camera and frame grabber that works with a compact flash, memory stick and magnetic diskette which allows photos to be transmitted via internet, in addition, this product has an optical disk to show images through projectors. However, the product that seemed to attract more attention and demand is the digital-camera also refers to as the filmless camera. Although Polaroid had begun investing in research and development in digital-imaging in the 80s, it wasn’t until early 1990s that their first product called Helios Medical Imaging entered the market but started fading by 1996 mainly due to poor marketing strategies. With new entrants by competitors, such as: Kodak and Fuji, Polaroid was forced to reinvent its marketing strategies to maintain its presents in the digital-imaging market. PRODUCT POSITING Polaroid has always been successful in positioning its products in the market due to the following strategies: Continuous investment in Research and Development thereby maintaining awareness of new needs and behavior of its customers. Invest in recruiting professional staff whenever a new product is identified. Polaroid has been a household name for decades. A very innovative company, that always seeks to develop new electronic products to meet the needs of the population. FIVE PRODUCT LEVELS These are as follows: Core – Manufacture digital-imaging cameras to meet the needs of target customers. Basic Provide additional capability to store photos on hard disk to be viewed on computer. Expected As the core and basic levels became routine products offered by all digital-imaging companies, customers begin to expect more extended services. For instance, the increase in storage memory of digital camera, the production of film camera and scanner with magnetic disk to enable photo-printing to printers. Augmented – A level where competitors become an issue, therefore, this is where the Polaroid procure to enhance the quality of current product and procure new and unique ones to offer customers. For example, video camera and frame grabber with memory sticks and optical disk to enable photo sharing via internet and projectors. Potential – In the near future, Polaroid will need to find solution to difficulties facing the digital-imaging market, such as; making it more user friendly digital cameras and improving on the quality of photo-printing. PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION Polaroid has been in the electronic manufacturing business since 1937 and enjoyed tremendous success for decades making brand positioning easily among customers. Polaroid is equipped with competent and experienced electronic imaging groups to develop lasting and reliable products. Capacity to develop unique product, such as, the Helios Medical Imaging, a revolutionary chemical-free, dry imaging system for radiology, which intended to replace X-ray machines. Polaroid is famous for its technological strength nationally and internationally. Invest in mass-market retailers such as Wal-Mart and Kmart, thereby steering from direct competition with other competitors who use specialized stores to sell their products. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Polaroid digital-imaging products entered the Decline Product Life Cycle during late 1996 and early 1997, where sales dropping rapidly which led to an additional overall decline in profit and market share. Efforts to revive its image in this rapidly growing and highly competitive market proved futile. 3-PRICE PRICE POSITIONING The digital-imaging marketplace currently has considerable competition in providing various products to the target population, but there are opportunities to promote broader competition by lower prices and higher quality services. This is the approach adopted by Polaroid in positioning price whenever possible. PRICING STRUCTURE In setting on new products Polaroid took into consideration prices currently offered by competitors while ensuring that the company maintains its major quantitative goal of profit maximization. An affordable price offered to customers would lead to increased sales and hence increased cash flow. PRICING METHOD AND ACTUAL PRICE Pricing method is based on uniqueness of product. If similar product is unavailable on the market, pricing is set based on product cost and consumer perception of value.   Otherwise, pricing is set taking into account the current market price offered by major competitors for similar product and pixel (image size). For instance, the PCD-2000/40 with 1,200 x 1,600 pixels digital camera was priced at $3,700 in 1996, a relatively good price compared to similar products from other companies. 4-DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL CHANNEL STRUCTURING Polaroid distribution channel is at O level, where the products come from its warehouse and shipped to the retailers, they go through a packaging process and then delivered to the relevant distributors on a timely manner. PRODUCT FLOW Physical Flow- All products move from the warehouse to retail distributors, such as Wal-Mart, Kmart, food stores and pharmacies among others. Title Flow – Once the product is bought it becomes the property of the buyer. Payment Flow – Once retailers received payment from customers, the agreed amount after commission is deducted and sent to Polaroid through their bank. Information Flow – Initial information on the products flows from Polaroid to target customers via advertisements or sponsored promotional events. Promotion Flow The demand for a particular product is created by the customer due to his/her needs but it is management of Polaroid that decide if, how and when to make such product available to the market. In most cases, the company’s decision is highly influenced by the status of the market pertaining to the products. 5-PROMOTION Polaroid invests mainly in advertisement through promotional magazines on electronics, and direct marketing campaign targeting customers while they shop at the retail stores that carry their products. Public relations promotional tools via internet/ websites, sponsored trade shows are also used in marketing their products. Personal sales flyers/ letters sent directing to potential customers are not common with Polaroid. Conclusion: Critical Issues: Polaroid’s failure in the digital-imaging was mainly due to its inability to compete with strong competitors, like Kodak, Fuji, Sony and Casio, who are new entrants to the market and continue to be profitable in the industry. Need to make their products and marketing positioning clearer nd be more market segment focus. There is notable lack of effective leadership within the various key sections of the company, especially in the customer service area. Financial situation of the company is alarming and bankruptcy is probable if management does not act immediately. Recommendations: Need to create three main working groups/ task force: Create a team comprising of key managers as a ‘think group’, to explore new ideas and product suitable for the market, and to focus more on ways to increase revenue rather than cost-cutting. For example, ensure payroll expenses do not exceed revenue. Develop a competent marketing team to focus exclusively on current and potential competitors and developing strategies to stay ahead in the industry. Enhance customer service team by offering some incentives in order to achieve increased marketing awareness and loyalty. This team needs to constantly monitor customers’ satisfaction. Need to partnership with other companies, such as; internet companies, to enhance its goals and objectives.

Any vs. Either

Any vs. Either Any vs. Either Any vs. Either By Maeve Maddox I just did a double-take when reading an article about creating passport photos using Photoshop Elements and another application. Heres what threw me: If you have any of these two applications, then you can follow this simple do-it-yourself project any of these two applications Horrors! In speaking of two applications, the word either is called for: If you have either of these two applications. If, however, one is talking about three or more applications, one may say: If you have any of the photo editing applications available these days, you can. NOTE: either = one or the other; from OE hwaether, each of two any = one indifferently out of more than two The negative of either is neither. Here are some quotations from the press: the poor and the unwanted, with people very much like my mother.My mother needed neither my pity nor my shame. Just my compassion and respect. (www.nytimes.com) on trade and immigration - is taking root within his adopted party, and those uneasy with grievance politics are either giving in or giving up the fight. (www.nytimes.com) Hearty and nutritious, but still buttery and rich, these unfussy pancakes come together quickly and without any special equipment. (www.nytimes.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous75 Synonyms for â€Å"Hard†

Governments talk about regulating the Internet and taxing Ecommerce Essay

Governments talk about regulating the Internet and taxing Ecommerce. a) what problems might governments encounter in regulating the internet b) what dif - Essay Example Going by current practices, "regulation [has] largely confined itself to the physical boundaries of the regulating state" (Thierer & Crews). The Internet however, makes physical boundaries irrelevant. Legal boundaries determining the rights and obligations of users and questions of jurisdiction in cases of violation of country specific laws all remain contentious issues. If User A in Country A, were to commit an illegal act over the internet terminating in Country B, who would have jurisdiction to prosecute User A What would be the status if the said illegal act were not to be illegal in Country A Since the Internet is global, are the regulations global too Internet regulations therefore would have to keep many such considerations in mind. Any one country cannot possibly hope to legislate on behalf of the entire world, given the ubiquitous nature of the internet. Similarly, questions arise as to whether separate regulations for the Internet are required at all, or whether rules and r egulations already existing and applicable to the 'physical world' would suffice. Given the globalized nature of international trade, many of the issues of jurisdiction have already been addressed by trans-national laws.

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 Research Paper

Australian Women Workforce Participation and Childcare from 5 to 12 - Research Paper Example In this case; the research question will be; what is it to be a woman with childcare responsibilities while working in the social market? Presently, there is no appropriate literature that can improve our understanding of the experiences of women with both family and childcare responsibilities. It is because the knowledge on the experience presently is from the minor evidence of unguided past research and other prevailing practices. Thus, the inquiry process starts with the knowledge gap presented by the prior misguided research on the issue at hand. Women point of view may be that they provide quality services to the social work despite pressure from the childcare responsibilities. Hence, following that there is no evidence to support this view, an original research might contrast their opinion. Therefore, this methodology focuses on idiographic. Its objective is to provide insight into how women in the social works make sense in the phenomenon or if they effectively contribute to a ccomplishing their responsibilities. The methodology is appropriate because it relates to the experiences of some individual’s significance like life events or an important relationship development (Hays & Singh, 2012). Interpretive phenomenology is significant in the fact that it helps in understanding the people’s lived experiences and establishes the everyday phenomena’s meanings in their lives, ideas and thoughts. Observations or interviews can generate a rich description of the individual’s lived experiences and providing a substantive data in identifying the key metaphors and main themes of the events and the phenomena in question.

Cause and Effect Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause and Effect Assignment - Essay Example Parents may adopt a given set of strategy and action based on the normal situations or the circumstances in which they are forced to bring about an action in response to the lack of values and behavioral respect shown by their children. The disciplinary action is originally meant to bring about resoluteness and respect in the manners and behavior of the children. The impacts can be multi fold. It can be either building up a very well groomed and looked after children or in certain cases it may also include the deviation in the form of excessively restrictive environment and behavioral response by the children. Surveillance based parenting includes parenting keeping a close and unannounced check on the children. This may include observing their activities, observing their belongings in their absence and other similar actions. The disciplinary action based parenting includes adopting a relatively formal method of parenting. This may include taking punitive measures which at times even may include physically controlling. Disciplinary actions may also include grounding of children and restricting their activities. Remuneration based treatment of children is the broader form of disciplinary action. Many experts on the subject of parenting and good skills with regard to children’s brought up advocate the use of counseling, sharing, and intimacy based build up of relations. In this kind of relationship and atmosphere presence, the child feels secure, easy and gives out the information easily which allows the parents resolving their issues relatively easily and flexibly. The child does not fear any threat, punishment that may come from the parents end in the case of violation as is the case in the form of disciplinary form of parenting and guidance by the parents. Effect of counseling may lead to increased good and open relationship between the child and parent. Since it is the human nature that the

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is not easy to distinguish it from neocolonialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, neocolonialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. According to Longman Contemporary English Dictionary colonialism is when a powerful country rules a weaker one and establishes its own trade and society there. ORIGIN OF COLONIALISM Before the abolition of the slave trade by Denmark in 1802 and Britain in 1807. The entire West African Coast witnessed trade in slaves which were need for the plantations of the then Industrialized new world. The nations involved were France, Britain, Denmark, Portugal and Germany. About forty years later the trade changed to that of colonialism conquest and occupation by Europeans. The Berlin West African Conference of 1884 1885 gave international recognition to a situation that was already in existence. 1945 1960 witnessed a reversal of the process of colonization decolonization while 1960 till date is witnessing a reincarnation and a resurrection of colonialism neocolonialism. Below shows a chronology of dates and the sequence of events from colonialism to neocolonialism and the present day ongoing process of neocolonialism. 1880 1885 Proto-Colonial period 1885 1945 Colonial Era Subdivision 1884 1885 Berlin Conference (the scramble for Africa) 1885 1900 Period of Conquest and occupation 1900 1919 Period of Penetration 1919 1939 Period of Colonial Rule 1939 1945 Decline of colonial rule 1945 1960 Period of decolonization 1960 Till date Period of Neocolonialism. MEANING OF NEOCOLONIALISM The term neocolonialism was first coined by Kwame Nkrumah, the first post-independence president of Ghana, and has been discussed by a number of twentieth century scholars and philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Noam Chomsky Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic, by promoting ones own culture, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that culture can then make greater headway in opening the markets in those countries. Thus, neocolonialism would be the result of business interests leading to deleterious cultural effects. Neocolonialism as defined by Longmans contemporary English Dictionary is when a powerful country uses its economic and political influence to control another country. DEFERENCE BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND NEOCOLONIALISM Though colonialism and neocolonialism are two sides of a coin. There are a number of differences that distinguishes the two. COLONIALISM NEOCOLONIALISM It is not modern (between 1880 1960s It involves physical or territorial occupation by the colonizers It has ended It is the early state of capitalism or imperialism It varies according to country e.g. Indirect Rule, (British) and policy of assimilation association by the French. It was led by France and Britain. It is a modern phenomenon It is not involve direct or physical presence of the colonizer any more It is ongoing i.e it is a continuous process It is the highest stage of Imperialism Neo-colonialism uses one methodology agents of Globalization It is now led by USA Probably nothing has become as controversial a subject as the impact of Colonialism on Africa among scholars of history and political science. Scholars such as Gann, Duignan, Perham and PC Lloyd see colonialism and neocolonialism as a blessing rather than a curse while other scholars such as Kwame Nkrumah, Che Guevara, Walter Rodney, MHY Kaniki A.E. Afigbo, A. Adu, Boahen, Ali Mazrai etc. sees it as a curse rather than a blessing. To buttress this further Che Guevaras says. As long as imperialism exists it will by definition exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism. Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary 1965 In view of this, the impact of Neo-colonialism therefore is not a lesser task to assess particularly from social, economic and political perspectives in Nigeria. To be frank, though there were positive effects but every greater were the negative ones. Below is my assessment of the impact of neocolonialism on the social, economic and political life of Nigeria. (A) AN ASSESSMENT SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Provision of a lingua franca. This is a positive impact of Neo-colonialism in Nigeria. The provision of a lingua franca (official language) for Nigeria can now be seen as a blessing due to the marriage of inconvenience which brought the numerous linguistic groups that constitutes the country to easily adopt a neutral language. Neo-colonialism through globalization has further consolidated the use of English language as the business and official language not only Nigeria but across the Anglophone countries. (2) Cultural Dominance According to Ali-Mazrui: African are not necessarily the most brutalized of peoples, but they are almost certainly the most humiliated. Using the agents of a globalization e.g. the Mass Media, Internet Western Movies etc. Nigerian culture like other African countries is evidently being subjugated and dominated by the western culture. Many Nigerians today seem to have imbibed the European way of life at the expense of our rich African culture (colonial mentality). This is gradually leading to a loss of cultural identity. (3) Western Education This is an indispensable effect that Neo-colonialism has also used as a tool for Nigerian continuous reliance on the west for inadequate, lopsided and wrongly oriented education which was bequeathed by colonialism and consolidated by Neo-colonialism. This is evident from the fact that our acquisition of western education has helped in a neglect of technological and industrial education rather than that of a technological advancement. (4) Environment Degradation Oil spillages due to the exploitation of oil by some multinational companies such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. has to a large extent polluted Nigerias water and land resources particularly in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Consequently this has affected the eco-system, the habitat and the cultural occupation of the people of that area. (B) AN ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Positively Nigeria as a country has benefiting economically from Neo-colonialism. However the negative economic impacts seem to outweigh the positive impacts. One out of the negative economic impacts includes: (1) Economic Dependency International Organizations accused of participating in neo-colonialism are the World Bank, World Trade Organizations, the Group of Eight the Paris Club, the World economic forum, IMF etc. have been used by the first world countries to subject Nigeria into some structural adjustments which will increase rather than alleviate poverty . These Organizations are neocolonial agents used to ensure a perpetual economic failure and dependence of Nigeria as evident in the high rate of underdevelopment, poverty, debt burden etc. which has characterized our economy. (2) Economic Subjugation by Multi-national Corporations Critics of neocolonialism has also argued that investment by multinational corporations enriches few in under-developed countries and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological devastation to the population which inhabits the colonies. These corporations such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. are responsible for a continuous flow of natural resources (oil) which unduly benefits the neo-colonial states. (3) Economic Brain Drain Today modern slavery exists through visa lotteries used to siphon not only Nigerias but ultimately the human resources of the developing countries. This is an economic brain drain strategy to subject the third world into a continuous technological hostage. (C) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POLITICAL IMPACTS OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria Though Nigerias political history has been characterized by the Military versus the Civilians. Recently democracy seems to have been fully entrenched in Nigeria through neo-colonial agent, such as the U.N. and other similar organizations. (2) Political Dependency Nigerias membership of the United Nations and the Commonwealth which sit joined immediately after Independence provided reasons why we have always been politically dependent on neo-colonial states like the USA and Britain. Consequently, Nigeria membership Pan-African Movement like, NEPAD, the Non-Aligned Movements, the African Union, the ECOWAS have not liberated as from this unending political grip of dependency. (3) Political Instability and Regime Change Apparently, government either Military or Civilian which poses no threat to the neo-colonial states in Nigeria seem to last longer than the unfriendly ones. In my opinion, no other reason can be tendered as why the Murtala Seven Months Regime (July 1975 February 1976) and the Buhari regime (December 1983 August 1985) were very short lived. Nigerian leaders who refuse to be stooges or puppets of the neo-colonial powers are usually forcefully removed. (4) Loss of Independence and Sovereignty Neo-colonialism, as a continuation of colonialism have of course eroded the independence or sovereignty which Nigeria like many third world countries claimed to have gotten. (5) New Colonialism Finally, neo-colonialism is the tool which has helped the neo-colonial states to continue the colonial process which started around 1880 and obstructed by decolonization or Independence of Nigeria in 1960 In conclusion, whatever colonialism and neo-colonialism did or is doing for Africans in Africa or Nigeria, given its opportunities, it resources and the power and influence it is wielding till date it could and should have done far more than it has done. It is precisely because the neo-colonial states not only did not see the development of Africans as their first priority but did not see it as a priority at all that they stand criticized. The continuous existence of the tools of neo-colonialism therefore poses an existential threat to the development of Nigeria and Africa.

Essay --

Growth and development are two major themes you here time and time again in environmental planning. And rightly so, for if done wrong, they can drastically hinder a society. With that said, Costa Rica is a perfect case study for planning done right. This memo will briefly discuss how Costa Rica made a large leap forward - Using historic population statistics, and crude birth and death rates (Demographic Transition Model), I will tell a story of growth and development done right. Population Growth and Distribution Today, Costa Rica is one of the most stable, prosperous, and least corrupt Latin American countries. As of 2013, Costa Rica has a population of 2,357, 516; 40% of which, live in the Nation’s capital San Jose; the rest is thinly spread across the country. Originally San Josà © was only a small agricultural village with highly fertile soil. However, a few years after winning their freedom from Spain in 1821, the good people of San Josà © and Alajuela combined forces and defeated the pro-Mexican Democrats of Heredia and Cartago. Upon which cemented San Josà © as the capital of the blooming nation (Anywhere Costa Rica). The population slowly rose until after the Second World War- when the city’s numbers increased significantly. Today, over 309 thousand people live in the city with another estimated million in the surrounding suburbs (Anywhere Costa Rica). Development Since 1984, Costa Rica has seen a decrease in population (growth rate dropping from 2.8 to 1.2 by 2015) and infant mortality rates (dropped by half in just 29 years), as well as, an increase in life expectancy. What changed in that short amount of time (United States Census Bureau)? Well, the short answer is the country transitioned from an early industrial soc... ... one percent (Costa Rica). At 9% in 2013, they haven’t reached their goal, however, they’ve managed to cut back 5% in just 20 years. Costa Rica was blessed early on, due to a global interest in coffee beans, with prosperity and wealth; however, it wasn’t until they created a game plan, one with the people in mind that they truly began to progress, fiscally and socially speaking. Granted, Costa Rica isn’t considered a top tier country, but they are by no means at the bottom. With that said, Costa Rica’s young population won’t remain young forever! Much like the baby boomers of the U.S, Costa Rica will have to adjust heavily for the needs of their future elderly. Although, Costa Rica is relatively small, it has a rich history spanning back several millennia; and has positioned itself as one of the most stable, prosperous, and least corrupt Latin American countries.

Critical Response to Martin and Milway’s Editorial Essay

In â€Å"A Productive Labour: The Only Limit to Productivity Growth is Human Ingenuity,† authors Martin and Milway present an argument for increasing productivity as a means of raising Canada’s economic health and living standards. Although Martin and Milway’s editorial on productivity present a piece that is rational and easily understood, its effort to convince that readers of its main argument is encumbered by weaknesses in the authors’ approach and reasoning that lead to more questions being raised than answered in the course of one’s reading. The editorial underlines the importance of improving Canada’s productivity in light of rising prices of manufactured goods and services that accompanied the strengthening of the Canadian dollar in 2001. The main argument put forth is that enhancing productivity is critical in ensuring improvements on the country’s living standards. The authors proceed to support their arguments by presenting two ways by which living standards can be raised, the first by increasing the number of working hours or using up more natural and physical resources for sustained wealth creation, and the second by improving productivity or raising the value created per working hour. After illustrating that the first way is not a viable alternative, the authors then concentrate on convincing the reader why the second way is better by defining the concept of productivity based on efficiency and innovation. The strength of Martin and Milway’s editorial lies in its ability to appeal to the rational side of its readers and their ability to tackle an otherwise complicated subject in simple terms. The authors attempt to defend their arguments by stating facts and carefully defining their subject, that is, productivity. As a result, the readers are compelled to view their argument in consideration of the definition that they present. Unfortunately, several weaknesses in Martin and Milway’s editorial in terms of their approach and in their reasoning reduce the effectivity of their argument. The biggest errors that exist in the editorial are faulty reasoning and the inability of the authors to substantiate their claim. As a consequence, the authors fail to persuade readers that â€Å"productivity is the surest way to raise our living standards. † (par. 4) The editorial was clearly written to convince readers that Canada needs to raise its productivity if it is to continue its economic growth and if it is to raise living standards. On the other hand, the authors fail to present evidence to substantiate this claim aside from the argument that it is the most cost-effective alternative in terms of labour, time, and natural resources. The authors automatically assumed that the readers of the editorial would readily accept that an increase in economic growth follows from an increase in productivity. Likewise, this argument raises several implications: first, that economic growth is not possible without an increased productivity; second, that productivity growth always leads to a raise in the living standards. It is here that the informed audience becomes wary as the authors’ bias shows through in their failure to consider countries with high productivity growth but low living standards. This shows a lack of forethought of the authors in answering the questions that would be inevitably raised by their argument. The main weakness of the editorial is that the authors commit fallacies in reasoning. For one, they are â€Å"begging the question† wherein the reader must already accept the conclusion in order to accept the evidence forwarded (Boyne, et. al. , 69). For instance, the authors enumerate the ways by which productivity can be improved to support their main contention. They state that â€Å"productivity increases in one of two ways: greater efficiency in how we employ labour and capital, or greater value creation per unit of these inputs. †(par. 8) This flow of the discussion reflects an assumption on the part of the authors that their main argument has already been accepted by the readers since discussing the ways by which productivity can be improved does not necessarily support the argument that productivity will improve the country’s economy. This circular reasoning makes the reader feel like the authors are trying to sound logical but cannot support their argument beyond the definition of the subject. Another obvious error in reasoning in the Martin and Milway’s editorial is superstition (Boyne, et. al. , 70) or hasty generalization. The authors attempt to prove the argument that â€Å"Productivity growth also benefits workers and consumers† (par. 14) by stating that â€Å"countries and regions with higher productivity pay higher wages† (par. 14) which assumes that higher wages automatically result from higher productivity. If one is to follow this argument, then it would imply that countries and regions that pay lower wages are not productive or low in productivity. In sum, a critical analysis of the piece reveals that the weaknesses outweigh the positive aspects in Martin and Milway’s editorial. Shortcomings in substantiating the editorial’s central argument with credible evidence as well as the inability to defend their argument in a logical manner renders the entire editorial ineffective in convincing the reader of the importance of improving productivity to improve their lives.

Climate Change Term Paper

INTRODUCTIONClimate change is a significant and lasting change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth.The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time, regardless of cause. Accordingly, fluctuations over periods shorter than a few decades, such as El Nià ±o, do not represent climate change.The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes. In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous wit h anthropogenic global warming. Within scientific journals, global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels will affect.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREAccording the Government Environmental Protection Agency webpage http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#F on the topic: Glossary of climate change terms, factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or â€Å"forcing mechanisms†. These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth's orbit, mountain-building and continental drift, and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing. Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly.From NASA Earth Observatory webpage on the t opic: â€Å"Glossary†. That natural changes in the components of earth's climate system and their interactions are the cause of internal climate variability, or â€Å"internal forcings.† Scientists generally define the five components of earth's climate system to include Atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere (restricted to the surface soils, rocks, and sediments), and biosphere.Andrew S. Gale, author of the book: â€Å"A Milankovitch scale for Cenomanian time† on his topic Terra Nova emphasized that slight variations in Earth's orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution.The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and pre cession of Earth's axis. Combined together, these produce Milankovitch cycles which have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial periods, their correlation with the advance and retreat of the Sahara, and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record.BODYCAUSESOn the broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the sun and the rate at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and climate of Earth. This energy is distributed around the globe by winds, ocean currents, and other mechanisms to affect the climates of different regions.Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or â€Å"forcing mechanisms†. These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, deviations in the Earth's orbit, mountain-building and continental drift,  and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the in itial forcing. Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly.Forcing mechanisms can be either â€Å"internal† or â€Å"external†. Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself (e.g., the thermohaline circulation). External forcing mechanisms can be either natural (e.g., changes in solar output) or anthropogenic (e.g., increased emissions of greenhouse gases).Ocean variabilityThe ocean is a fundamental part of the climate system, some changes in it occurring at longer timescales than in the atmosphere, massing hundreds of times more and having very high thermal inertia (such as the ocean depths still lagging today in temperature adjustment from the Little Ice Age).Short-term fluctuations (years to a few decades) such as the El Nià ±o-Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, the North Atlantic oscillation, and the Arct ic oscillation, represent climate variability rather than climate change. On longer time scales, alterations to ocean processes such as thermohaline circulation play a key role in redistributing heat by carrying out a very slow and extremely deep movement of water, and the long-term redistribution of heat in the world's oceans.Orbital variationsSlight variations in Earth's orbit lead to changes in the seasonal distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface and how it is distributed across the globe. There is very little change to the area-averaged annually averaged sunshine; but there can be strong changes in the geographical and seasonal distribution. The three types of orbital variations are variations in Earth's eccentricity, changes in the tilt angle of Earth's axis of rotation, and precession of Earth's axis. Combined together, these produce Milankovitch cycles which have a large impact on climate and are notable for their correlation to glacial and interglacial  perio ds, their correlation with the advance and retreat of the Sahara, and for their appearance in the stratigraphic record.Solar outputVariations in solar activity during the last several centuries based on observations of sunspots and beryllium isotopes. The period of extraordinarily few sunspots in the late 17th century was the Maunder Minimum. The sun is the predominant source for energy input to the Earth. Both long- and short-term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate.VolcanismIn atmospheric temperature from 1979 to 2010, determined by MSU NASA satellites, effects appear from aerosols released by major volcanic eruptions (El Chichà ³n and Pinatubo). El Nià ±o is a separate event, from ocean variability.Volcanic eruptions release gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Eruptions large enough to affect climate occur on average several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface ) for a period of a few years. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta) affected the climate substantially.Global temperatures decreased by about 0.5  °C (0.9  °F). The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 caused the Year Without a Summer. Much larger eruptions, known as large igneous provinces, occur only a few times every hundred million years, but may cause global warming and mass extinctionsPlate tectonicsOver the course of millions of years, the motion of tectonic plates reconfigures global land and ocean areas and generates topography. This can affect both global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere-ocean circulation.The position of the continents determines the geometry of the oceans and therefore influences patterns of ocean circulation. The locations of the seas are important in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe, and therefore, in determini ng global climate. A recent example of tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, which shut off direct mixing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Human influencesIn the context of climate variation, anthropogenic factors are human activities which affect the climate. The scientific consensus on climate change is â€Å"that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities,† and it â€Å"is largely irreversible.† â€Å"Science has made enormous inroads in understanding climate change and its causes, and is beginning to help develop a strong understanding of current and potential impacts that will affect people today and in coming decades.GlaciersGlaciers are considered among the most sensitive indicators of climate change. Their size is determined by a mass balance between snow input and melt output. As temperatures warm, glaciers retreat unless snow precipitation increases to make up for the additional melt; the converse is also true.Glaciers grow and shrink due both to natural variability and external forcings. Variability in temperature, precipitation, and englacial and subglacial hydrology can strongly determine the evolution of a glacier in a particular season. Therefore, one must average over a decadal or longer time-scale and/or over a many individual glaciers to smooth out the local short-term variability and obtain a glacier history that is related to climate.Arctic sea ice lossThe decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, over the last several decades is further evidence for rapid climate change. Sea ice is  frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. It covers millions of square miles in the polar regions, varying with the seasons. In the Arctic, some sea ice remains year after year, whereas almost all Southern Ocean or Antarctic sea ice melts away and reforms annually. Satellite observations show that Arcti c sea ice is now declining at a rate of 11.5 percent per decade, relative to the 1979 to 2000 average.VegetationA change in the type, distribution and coverage of vegetation may occur given a change in the climate. Some changes in climate may result in increased precipitation and warmth, resulting in improved plant growth and the subsequent sequestration of airborne CO2. A gradual increase in warmth in a region will lead to earlier flowering and fruiting times, driving a change in the timing of life cycles of dependent organisms. Conversely, cold will cause plant bio-cycles to lag. Larger, faster or more radical changes, however, may result in vegetation stress, rapid plant loss and desertification in certain circumstances.PrecipitationPast precipitation can be estimated in the modern era with the global network of precipitation gauges. Surface coverage over oceans and remote areas is relatively sparse, but, reducing reliance on interpolation, satellite data has been available since the 1970s. Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.Sea level changeGlobal sea level change for much of the last century has generally been estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time to give a long-term average. More recently, altimeter measurements — in combination with accurately determined satellite orbits — have provided an improved measurement of global sea level change. To measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids in  limestones, and nearshore archaeological remains. The predominant dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced relative se a level fall.CONCLUSIONIn light of the contexts of this manuscript, the researcher concluded that global warming refers to surface temperature increases while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas levels will affect. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events).Scientists have made many projections about how global warming will affect weather, glacial ice, sea levels, agriculture, wildlife, and human health. Many changes linked to rising temperatures are already being observed.In a warmer world, scientists predict that more people will get sick or die from heat stress, due not only to hotter days but more importantly to warmer nights (giving the sufferers less relief). More frequent and intense heat waves will further contribute to this trend.Responding to the challenge of controlling global warming will require fundamental changes in energy production, transportation, industry, government policies, and development strategies around the world. These changes take time. The challenge today is managing the impacts that cannot be avoided while taking steps to prevent more severe impacts in the future.