Was Macbeth A Traitor :: essays research papers

'Macbeth had the right beyond words he was absolutely answerable for the double-crossing the Scottish ruler, Duncan, and the Scottish individuals';. Compose an investigative exposition in which you investigate the powers behind Macbeth's killing ways. Macbeth had the right amazing double-crossing the Scottish ruler, Duncan, and the Scottish individuals; be that as it may, he was not absolutely answerable for his activities. Woman Macbeth and the three Witches additionally assumed a significant job. They were answerable for persuading Macbeth to start the arrangement of occasions, which inevitably prompted the obliteration of request in Scotland. When she had gotten updates on the three Witches' predictions, Lady Macbeth was goal that she would in the long run become Queen of Scotland. At first, Macbeth had chosen not to kill Duncan, 'We will continue no further around here'; (Macbeth, Act I, scene vii). Notwithstanding, Lady Macbeth was resolved to proceed with her unique arrangement. She over and over offended Macbeth's masculinity, inciting him to proceed with the designs to kill Duncan, 'When you durst do it, at that point you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be a great deal more the man'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scene vii). She spoke to Macbeth's 'vaulting desire'; to escalate the impact that the Witches' predictions had on him, 'Incredible Glamis! Commendable Cawdor! More prominent than both, by the all-hail from now on'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scene v). She persuaded Macbeth that the prizes of the homicide would far exceed the downsides and clear their inner voice, 'A little water frees us from thi s deed'; (Lady Macbeth, Act I, scene ii). In spite of the fact that Macbeth beyond all doubt adored his ruler, Lady Macbeth yielded such an influential control over him that he was persuaded the Witches' predictions of Duncan's homicide and the subsequent majesty were his legitimate destiny. The three Witches tricked Macbeth by declaring vague predictions, which persuaded that he would be an amazing and cherished ruler. The subsequent spirit, 'Be bleeding, striking, and fearless; giggle to hate The intensity of man, for none of lady conceived will hurt Macbeth'; (a wicked youngster, Act IV, scene I) persuaded that he could never be hurt, as no one alive can be 'none of lady conceived';. Macbeth neglected to understand that the spirit was alluding to Macduff, who was conceived by cesarean. The third ghost, 'Macbeth will never vanquished be until Great Birnam Wood to High Dunsinane slope will come against him'; (a youngster delegated with a tree in his grasp, Act IV, scene I) additionally tricked Macbeth into accepting that he would not be hurt as ruler.

American Federalism Essay Example For Students

American Federalism Essay Federalism, by definition, is the division of government authority between at any rate two degrees of government. In the United States, authority is isolated between the state and national government. Backers of a solid bureaucratic framework accept that the state and neighborhood governments don't have the advancement to manage the serious issues confronting the nation (Encarta.com). Indeed, even before the Constitution was endorsed, solid contention were made by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison in the Federalist Papers asking the incorporation of an administrative type of government to supplant the bombed confederation. In Federalist Paper No. 9 Hamilton expresses, This type of government is a show by which a few littler states consent to become individuals from an enormous one, which they expect to frame. It is s sort of gathering of social orders that establishes another one, equipped for expanding, by methods for new relationship, until they show up to such an extent of intensity as to have the option to accommodate the security of an assembled body (Usinfo.state.gov). The individuals of the United States required a focal government that was fit for holding certain controls over the states. The individuals who expected that the central government would turn out to be too solid were guaranteed by Madison in Federalist No. 14 that in any case it is to be recollected that the general government isn't to be accused of the entire intensity of making and administrating lawsThe subordinate governments, which can stretch out their consideration to every one of those different items which can be independently accommodated, will hold their due power and action (Usinfo.state.gov). The important and legitimate condition was remembered for the Constitution to consider a functioning and amazing government. It is otherwise called the Elastic Clause and fundamentally expressed that the national government had the capacity to pass any law that was important and appropriate to complete national business. John Marshall extended the understanding of the important and appropriate for the most part through the Supreme Court choice in McCulloch v. Maryland. His choice that a state couldn't burden an organization of the national government was by all account not the only result of the legal dispute. Marshall accepted the open door to state that despite the fact that it isn't referenced in the Constitution, the national government has the privilege to contract a national bank (Usinfo.state.gov). The main time of federalism is double federalism. Double federalism is the conviction that having isolated and similarly ground-breaking levels of government is the best course of action. One significant pioneer during this time was Roger B. Tanney, who was the leader of the Supreme Court. During this period, there was warmed political discussion on the issue of servitude. The Dred Scott v. Sanford choice in 1857, this was the primary choice to remove powers from the national government. During this time, the Civil War happened (Nvcc.com). After the Civil War, with the section of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments became wellsprings of intensity for the national government when it went to its ward over the states. By passing laws against bondage and permitting equivalent assurance under the law, the national government enabled itself to implement those laws and in this way upgraded authority over the states. The Thirteenth Amendment nullified bondage and in Section 2 expressed that Congress will have the ability to authorize this article by fitting enactment. By adding Section 2 to the correction, Congress was essentially guaranteeing their matchless quality over the state governments. In addition to other things, the Fourteenth Amendment ensures equivalent insurance under the law to all residents. Since all residents are ensured insurance, it is surrendered over to the national government to ensure all residents are getting these rights. Despite the fact that many idea that the Fourteenth Amendment implied that the Bill of Rights was nationalized, its understanding by the Supreme Court was vastly different. Similarly as in the Thirteenth Amendment, the Fourteenth in Section 5 is enabled to authorize the article. The Fifteenth Amendment gave the option to cast a ballot to previous slaves and says that the option to cast a ballot can't be prevented on account from claiming race, shading, or past condition or bondage. .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .postImageUrl , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:hover , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:visited , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:active { border:0!important; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:active , .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rel ative; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3237b f10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3237bf10b975c2fcf653bceff2302a4f:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Unemployment levels Essay Just as in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth, the Fifteenth Amendment considers authorization of the law by Congress (Nvcc.edu). 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Africans@MIT Blockchain and the Niger Delta

Africans@MIT Blockchain and the Niger Delta Hassan, Sela, and the Niger Delta Hassan K. ‘17 is my friend and former classmate. He graduated last year (as the ‘17 suggests). When at MIT, Hassan (who is from the Ivory Coast) was always highly active in the Muslim and African communities on campus, and would also be a big part of student entrepreneurship clubs and organizations. In addition to taking on roles to revamp the African Students’ Association, he was one of the first students to participate in MIT’s Sandbox initiative. Working with Sandbox staff, Hassan founded a “Hacker House” in San Francisco during the summer of 2016, where he and other MIT students worked on interesting startup ideas and research. Hassan embodies the spirit of risk-taking and acting on bold ideas that I find MIT instills in students so well. His Hacker House ideas didn’t pan out, but Hassan’s sophomore summer, he interned at Facebook. Unlike many college studentswhich might take their intern savings to simply use for their next year at college or spend on themselvesHassan took his paychecks and worked with his high school friends and family members to start a chicken farm in his home country, the Ivory Coast. This farm has now grown into an agriculture technology startup involved in poultry farming, agricultural consulting, and even streamlining drone access to farmers. I asked Hassan for pictures of the chicken farm and hE SEnT ME THIS (!!!!!) too cute. I had heard from the rest of the African community that Hassan got involved in some really interesting work after graduating (aside from the chicken farm!) and reached out to him for this series. We spoke over a video call, from Boston to Lagos. “I just wanted you to see how strong the connection is in Nigeria!” he told me, and laughed. The last I had heard from him, Hassan had been in New York, so I asked him why, exactly, he was now in Lagos. After graduating, Hassan had interned for a summer at Uber ATG (Advanced Technologies Group) which is primarily Uber’s driverless car initiative. He was supposed to go to the African Leadership University for a program in the fall and then return to MIT for an MEng in Course 6 (EECS), but one day met Chi Nnadi, the founder and CEO of Sela. Sela is a technology company born out of Chi Nnadi’s experience performing a project focused on cleaning up the Niger Delta, which many associate with its long history of oil spills and environmental damage inflicted by Shell and other oil corporations. The spill scandals were widely reported on years ago, but associated effects are still very present, and affect the lives of people in the area today. Hassan (right) and Stanley Opara, Director of Partnerships, at a Blockchain conference When Chi went to perform an oil cleanup project in a relatively remote area, the difficulties of hiring others to perform tasks became apparent. The difficulties he encountered on the ground often involved opaque funding management. There was very little visibility into when exactly funds were transferred to contractors, or when contractors were supposed to start projects. As a result, whenever there was no progress, it was unclear which party was at fault. Did the federal agencies who received the funds not transfer them to the contractors? Did the contractors who received the funds pocket them? When were projects to start? All this information remained siloed within organizations, creating a lack of accountability. After encountering this accountability problem, Chi was inspired to try building a method to ensure the safety of his own projects, one that could be useful for many other projects, too. Sela was born, and aims to take advantage of a key development: the now widespread penetration of mobile technology and connectivity in rural regions. Hassan became excited about Sela’s mission after speaking with Chi, and decided to join Sela in the fall as CTO. That was how he got to New York, where Sela is headquartered, and worked on using cutting-edge technology to build accountability infrastructure. Accountability Infrastructure “The thesis of our project is that corruption is about the system,” Hassan tells me. When Hassan says that the “thesis” is to target “the system”, what that means is that corruption is not tied to individuals, or politicians, or particular agencies. It’s really tied to a lack of infrastructurea bit different from roads or water pipelines, but infrastructure all the same. Where there is not a good infrastructure for accountability, corruption arisespeople will absent-mindedly pocket funds meant for a project (such as cleaning up the Niger Delta), or claim that materials were “more expensive” than expected and make budgeting difficult. One example of now wide-spread mobile phone use.   An important element of an accountability infrastructure involves clear, transparent documentation of the actions that need to be taken, the people responsible for these actions, and the real-time status of an ongoing project. Up until very recently, having a real-time pulse of the projects on the ground was difficult. 10-15 years ago when phones or computers weren’t as present, collecting and processing that data in real time was very difficult, and the process involved frequent in-person inspections and visits, formally collecting information in a report. While this manner of capturing this data is a good first step, it can easily lead to long delaysthe inspections must be conducted, a report created, a report sent to higher officials or managers and finally, a decision made. Inconsistencies could occur between different agency’s reports, and at each step of reporting upward, visibility into what’s actually happening on the ground decreaseshow can you make sure that the repor t reaching the prime minister hasn’t been modified on its way through various agencies? This structure can easily create disconnects and information asymmetries that foster corruption. Without a shared truth or a common base of information, fraud and lack of accountability can creep up. Connectivity leads to the flow of information, and collective communication gives rural communities a stronger voice. As Hassan puts it, that voice can be as simple as the ability to respond to questions, such as, Hey, I read that a hospital in your community has started construction. Is this true? Before the spread of mobile technology, outside organizations simply had to trust public reports on these regions, which may be less specific or informative. So how do you build an infrastructure for accountability that is not dependent on a central enforcement agency? Decentralize it. The Sela Framework Sela defines 3 primary actors in a given project. There’s the project funder, which is the provider of the source of capital, such as a nonprofit, a private person or company, the government, etc. Then, there is a contractor, the executor of the projecta person or company hired to build a well, for example. Lastly, there are community members, members of the community where a given project is implemented. Sela’s platform objectives involve creating a network between the project funder, contractor, and community members. The contractor and project funder enter a contractual agreement for how the work is to be executed, and the project funder may decide a payment release planreleasing payments only after a certain body of work has successfully been completed. To determine whether a part of the work has been completed is usually difficultespecially when project funders might be in other countries, or unable to be physically present to appraise the progress. In lieu of the project funder, trained community members act as observers. Through a system that Sela designed, a community member can send text or photo updates of the progresstaking photos of the work completed, for example, or answering project-specific questions by talking to a chatbot. Sela has even considered involving illiterate community members by using voice-first interfaces similar to when you call a bank and “Press 1 for English”, the community member could answer questions in some system of pressing 1 for “yes” or 2 for “no”. This system explicitly takes advantage of the now widespread mobile phone use in even rural regions of most African countries. The teenagers in my own family in rural Ethiopia almost all have their own cell phones, for example, and charge t hem using solar-powered batteries. Multiple community members are trained observers, none of the observers know which other community members may be observers, and no observers have any relationship with the contractor. Establishing this redundancy makes it easy to check if there are any discrepancies between the reports of different observers, and act accordingly if something looks fishy. Over time, contractors themselves could build up reputation this way (similar to lots of 5-star ratings on Amazon or Airbnb) after successfully completing multiple projects without issues. In this way, there’s no need for a central agency. It’s instead decentralizedall the different actors, rather than a central third party agency, hold each other accountable. The project funder holds the contractor accountable through the community observers. The contractor can now hold the project funder accountable, too, to the payments specified, and need not be afraid of being unpaid for work done well. And the community observers each hold each other, the project funder, and the contractor truthful, incentivized both by the fact that this project is happening within their own community, and also payment. Blockchain and Smart Contracts “So where does the blockchain come in?” I asked Hassan, because I had heard this buzzword associated with his name and company often. Hassan laughed, “I didn’t mention that until now because I wanted to explain to you what we do first. We’re in an area where the tech is overemphasized, but I wanted to emphasize the problem we solve firstnow I’ll explain the technology!” Sela plans to pay community observers a small amount for each of their observations, to incentivize observers. The observers are paid for every truthful response, even if the truth is sometimes ‘this work was not completed’. Having a payment system also allows Sela to use blockchain technology, where payments take place via virtual wallets and using virtual currency (similar to Bitcoin, which also runs on the blockchain platform). A physical station in the project region will be set up where observers can exchange virtual coins for cash, and be paid this way. The payments between the project funder and contractor will then also be handled with virtual wallets and coins, and each payment is conditional on meeting agreed milestones. Every transaction between all of these parties can be recorded on the blockchain ledger. So what is “Blockchain”? I appreciate how Hassan recognizes that this is indeed an often over-emphasized buzzword, and prefers to instead focus on the accountability problem Sela tries to solve. But for those of you that have maybe heard of this word in the news or on the internet without much exposure, here’s a brief explanation. The blockchain is not really a “thing”, as it’s more defined by connections between things. It’s therefore difficult to describe (this is why I’m Course 2/Mechanical Engineering lol). Let me challenge something you might think you know well, or at least better than blockchain: what is the internet? The internet is also not a “thing”. It is a series of connections between things. Companies (like Comcast) set up literal wires, buried in the ground, connecting computers and servers to each other, and allow data to be transmitted across those wires. Sometimes there are “wireless” connections, like data transmitted via cell tower to our phones, or via satellite. It would be virtually impossible to take down the internet, because to truly take down the entire internet would mean destroying all connections to all computers and servers in the whole world. The internet also has protocols“http” is our modern-day standardthat establish how all nodes should “talk” to each other, so that information doesn’t end up being sent to the wrong place or in a jumbled format. Blockchain can also be thought of as a connection protocol, and has even been called “a new type of internet”. When all the nodes in a network follow a blockchain protocol, the effects of using it are that data can be distributed, but never destroyed. This way, any transaction that occurs has a permanent record, and there are no questions as to “what actually happened”. If all the transactions related to a particular project occurs on the blockchain, there will always be a record of what happened. A project funder and contractor initiate a smart contract, which is a feature of blockchain that can be programmed to perform simple functions, such as releasing a payment once a project milestone is marked complete by community observers and approved by the project funder. Of course, the gritty technical details are difficult to actually perform and manage, so that is why Sela is trying to create a user-friendly platform, where the actual framework of blockchain is mostly hidden from the users. The project funder, contractor, and community observers can then all operate via verification questions and written agreements, just like the normal legal contracts we have today, and the rest is handled by Sela’s framework. Hassan emphasizes that Sela is still very much an early stage initiative, and they see advantages to rolling out their framework in a gradual fashion. Rather than telling those creating and affected by projects to change almost all of their typical workflow, Hassan sees a step-by-step introduction to their technology as a more sustainable method. Our Modern Continent Sela has been given many votes of confidence as they build their platform. Hassan told me about their talks with different Nigerian federal agencies, who may be interested in adopting their work if successful. As I’m writing this post, Sela is testing their initial framework already. My conversation with Hassan reminded me a lot of, again, the recurring theme of [emailprotected], where today’s successful expatriates or diaspora feel a powerful desire to help African communities in whatever way they can. Many modern governments in African nations have only been around for ~50 years or less, and this means racing to catch up after so much disastrous interference. What I’ve been amazed at is the speed they’re all runningAfrican nations skipped the landline and went straight to cell phones, part of the reason Sela’s work is possible now. With their continued work, we might even see some of the first government-sponsored adoption of blockchain technology, and potentially, a way to “skip” the inefficiencies in many established, bureaucratic central enforcement agencies, too. Hassan feels this too, the exciting pulse of many modern African countries. “Entrepreneurship in Africa is so interesting!” Hassan told me, “it feels like the activation energy for starting projects has been lowered a lot. And the new generation is so much more connected with the adoption of social media and technology. Just sending money, even, is so much easier, better, smoother than before. I was so inspired by Chi because I saw how he was already plugged into the system, had a real career and contacts and a network. The more people we have like this, the easier it makes it for the next interested, entrepreneurial people that meet them.” Many of us, Africans at MIT, have this sense that Africans are more politically active, entrepreneurial, and innovative than ever. Barriers for intracontinental cooperation are slowly being worked ondifferent trade-block and single-passport initiatives by the African Union, for example. The problems are visible, yes, but so much is happening, for and by Africans, to try and address them. Some media outlets will always read this as driven by desperation, or China, or worse, not recognize the tremendous amount of progress altogether. But I hope this series might have given you a little more insight, to see more than a single story about our modern continent. Since this is my last post in the series, I just wanted to share a goofy photo from the African Students Associations Senior Night event. There are so many more incredible people and stories I didnt profile! P.S.in the time I took to write and post this, Hassan himself wrote a great update on Sela’s Medium blog, “Beyond Protocol”, about their progress so far! You can read it here, and to learn more about Sela, you can visit their website. P.P.S.The African Students Association is starting its own blog on Medium! Not much is up yet at the time of posting this, but you can find it here if you want more content like this. Post Tagged #African Students' Association #[emailprotected] #MIT Sandbox Initiative

Geography, Climate and Species of Earths Arctic Region

The Arctic is the Earth region that lies between 66.5Â °N and the North Pole. In addition to being defined as 66.5Â °N of the equator, the specific border of the Arctic region is defined as the area in which average July temperatures follow the 50Â °F (10Â °C) isotherm (map). Geographically, the Arctic spans the Arctic Ocean and covers land areas in parts of Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States (Alaska). Geography and Climate of the Arctic The majority of the Arctic is composed of the Arctic Ocean which was formed when the Eurasian Plate moved toward the Pacific Plate thousands of years ago. Although this ocean makes up the majority of the Arctic region, it is the worlds smallest ocean. It reaches depths of 3,200 feet (969 m) and is connected to the Atlantic and the Pacific via several straits and seasonal waterways such as the Northwest Passage (between the U.S. and Canada) and the Northern Sea Route (between Norway and Russia). Since the majority of the Arctic is the Arctic Ocean along with straits and bays, much of the Arctic region is composed of a drifting ice pack which can be up to nine feet (three meters) thick during winter. In the summer, this ice pack is replaced mainly by open water that is often dotted with icebergs that formed when ice broke from land glaciers and/or chunks of ice that have broken away from the ice pack. The Arctic regions climate is very cold and harsh for most of the year due to the Earths axial tilt. Because of this, the region never receives direct sunlight, but instead gets rays indirectly and thus gets less solar radiation. In the winter, the Arctic region has 24 hours of darkness because the high latitudes such as the Arctic are turned away from the sun at this time of year. By contrast in the summer, the region receives 24 hours of sunlight because the Earth is tilted toward the sun. However because the suns rays are not direct, summers are also mild to cool in most parts of the Arctic. Because the Arctic is covered with snow and ice for much of the year, it also has high albedo or reflectivity and thus reflects solar radiation back into space. Temperatures are also milder in the Arctic than in Antarctica because the presence of the Arctic Ocean helps moderate them. Some of the lowest recorded temperatures in the Arctic were recorded in Siberia around -58Â °F (-50Â °C). The average Arctic temperature in the summer is 50Â °F (10Â °C) although in some places, temperatures can reach 86Â °F (30Â °C) for short periods. Plants and Animals of the Arctic Since the Arctic has such a harsh climate and permafrost is prevalent in the Arctic region, it mainly consists of treeless tundra with plant species such as lichen and mosses. In the spring and summer, low-growing plants are also common. Low growing plants, lichen and moss are most common because they have shallow roots which are not blocked by the frozen ground and since they do not grow into the air, they are less prone to damage by high winds. The animal species present in the Arctic varies based on the season. In the summer, there are many different whale, seal and fish species in the Arctic Ocean and the waterways surrounding it and on land there are species such as wolves, bears, caribou, reindeer and many different types of birds. In the winter however, many of these species migrate south to warmer climates. Humans in the Arctic Humans have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years. These were mainly groups of indigenous peoples such as the Inuit in Canada, the Saami in Scandinavia and the Nanets and Yakuts in Russia. In terms of modern inhabitation, many of these groups are still present as are territorial claims by the aforementioned nations with lands in the Arctic region. In addition, the nations with territories bordering the Arctic Ocean also have maritime exclusive economic zone rights. Because the Arctic is not conducive to agriculture due to its harsh climate and permafrost, the historic indigenous inhabitants survived by hunting and gathering their food. In many locations, this is still the case for the surviving groups today. For example, Canadas Inuit survive by hunting animals such as seals on the coast during the winter and caribou inland during the summer. Despite its sparse population and harsh climate, the Arctic region is important to the world today because it has significant amounts of natural resources. Thus, this is why many nations are concerned with having territorial claims in the region and in the Arctic Ocean. Some the major natural resources in the Arctic include petroleum, minerals and fishing. Tourism is also beginning to grow in the region and scientific exploration is a growing field both on land in the Arctic and in the Arctic Ocean. Climate Change and the Arctic In recent years, it has become known that the Arctic region is extremely susceptible to climate change and global warming. Many scientific climate models also predict larger amounts of climate warming in the Arctic than on the rest of the Earth, which has raised concerns about shrinking ice packs and melting glaciers in places like Alaska and Greenland. It is believed that the Arctic is susceptible mainly because of feedback loops- high albedo reflects solar radiation, but as sea ice and glaciers melt, the darker ocean water begins to absorb, instead of reflect, solar radiation, which further increases temperatures. Most climate models show near to complete loss of sea ice in the Arctic in September (the warmest time of year) by 2040. Problems related to global warming and climate change in the Arctic include loss of habitat critical habitat for many species, rising sea levels for the world if sea ice and glaciers melt and a release of methane stored in permafrost, which could exacerbate climate change. References National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.) NOAA Arctic Theme Page: A Comprehensive Resrouce. Retrieved from: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/ Wikipedia. (2010, April 22). Arctic - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

Research A Case Study Approach Essay - 1205 Words

Introduction to Research – A Case Study Approach Introduction to research creates a blueprint of psychological research intended for undergraduates at a fundamental level. Moreover, it explains the foundation of psychological research, which is aimed at achieving four key objectives, which if applied to our career goals, will provide self-improvement and increase our marketability. The first three of these four objectives; describe, explain and predict, fall under basic research, while the last of the four; manipulation of emotions and mental constitution, fall under applied research (Crawford, 2016, p. 53). However, these objectives are accomplished through experimental and nonexperimental approaches, classified under two principal research methodologies; qualitative and quantitative. This paper describes the various concepts associated with research discussed in my Psychology class, Introduction to research. Nonetheless, unlike an argumentative paper, this paper is an expository which integrates the terms affiliated with basic a nd applied research to create one logical ensemble demonstrating my learning experience in this course. Detailed Evaluation Introduction to research teaches detailed evaluation by illustrating basic comprehension of research terms used in psychological research. Through persuasive research techniques, it demonstrates inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific theory, which in turn taught me the significance of detailed evaluation, orShow MoreRelatedCase Study Approach : Qualitative Research1428 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY APPROACH IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Introduction Miles and Huberman (1994) present a graphic meaning of a case study by suggesting that it is like a circle with a heart in the middle (see Figure 5.1). The heart is the focus of the study, while the circle defines the edge or boundary of the case. 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The research problem is usually â€Å"how† and â€Å"why† problem, thus resulting in a descriptive or explanatory study (Cooper Schindler, 2011). How or why questions are being posed, when the focus is on a contemporary phenomenon within some real life context. Case studies usually provide qualitative rather than quantitative data for analysis and interpretation (Yin, 2003). Cas e study refers to qualitative, analysis of caseRead MoreResearch Approach Vs. Former Post Facto Approach1675 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral research approaches available for researchers to choose. Therefore, it is essential that researchers choose the best research approach for their problem statement and purpose. The purpose of this paper is to develop three hypothetical research approaches, compare, and contrast the three research approaches. The three approaches chosen are the case study approach, survey research approach, and the ex post facto approach. 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It offers fundamental familiarity abou t the American Psychologist Association (herewith called APA) ethical and legal requirements. Plus it directs a student toward comparing the APA’s standard methods used for the research theory processRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Case Study789 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study In the world of psychology, there are a plethora number of research methods that can be used while conducting research. Case studies are one of the methods that are used. There are numerous reasons why researchers use case studies for their research. Although there are advantages and disadvantages of using the case study approach, there are many resources one can use throughout conducting a case study. Case studies are used for distinctive scenarios concerning an individual, communityRead MoreThe Hazards Of Nurse Staffing1207 Words   |  5 Pagesinfections, according to research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (Stanton, 2004). Many such studies exists, yet, the problem persists. Perhaps, a qualitative research study could prove to be the catalyst needed to drive change. The Research Study This paper will construct a qualitative research study that focuses on the hazards of nurse staffing shortfalls in emergency rooms. The problem, purpose, research questions, and possible research design will be developedRead MoreEthnographic Research Design1154 Words   |  5 PagesSometimes the research question of inquirers require benefits more from a qualitative data collection approach than a quantitative approach as they explore groups of people, in such cases ethnographic designs are best suited for their needs. Ethnographic research is designed for the collection of qualitative data because it goal is to write about groups of people in a cultural context such as â€Å"language, rituals, economic and political structures, life stages, interactions and communication styles†Read MoreQualitative Study Design1712 Words   |  7 PagesDesign of the Study Rationale for a Qualitative Study The purpose of this study is to explain how educational technology companies develop their products or services to promote use and adoption by school decision-makers and teachers, as new products and services enter K-12 ecosystems. As explored in the review of literature section, the K-12 ecosystem is a complex system with businesses that provide a host of services and products to capitalize on private and public investments to increase technology

Do You Agree with the View That by 1940 Free Essays

Do you agree with the view that by 1940 the main obstacle to Indian independence was not British imperialism but divisions within India? Many people believe that in the 1940’s most of India’s problems involving independence was to do with divisions within India rather than British imperialism. In this essay I will be looking at both points of view and finally giving my opinion. I will be using three sources also to help me show both sides of the story. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Agree with the View That by 1940? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also be using my further knowledge to add a wider range of knowledge. Source 15 is a statement made by Viceroy Linlithgow during discussions with Muhammad Ali Jinnah in August 1940, concerning arrangements for the wartime administration of India. In this source he is both for and against the view of the question. â€Å"His Majesty’s Government could not contemplate transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and welfare of India to any system of Government†. This is suggesting that England can’t even imagine giving any real power to India. Which means England is withholding any peace for India by not giving them any power. England are also holding back any welfare for India by keeping all the power. However, the Viceroy also says afterwards, â€Å"Whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in India’s national life†. This quote is saying that divisions within India are slowing down the progression of gaining power for India. Even England’s power over India is being disrupted by the divisions within India. If a specialist governing country is struggling to stay in control how is an inexperienced country going to handle one of the largest countries in the world? Linlithgow made the August offer in 1940; along with Jinnah they discussed a whole range of issues regarding India and the war. The Viceroy did make an effort to involve the Muslim community with the proposals in the august offer as well. One of the proposals was â€Å"an assurance that the government would not adapt any new constitution without the prior approval of Muslim India†. This shows that the Viceroy tried to prevent divisions within India. Source 16 is a lot more one sided compared to source 15. Source 16 mainly believes that it is British imperialism that is preventing Indian Independence. This source is from W. O. Simpson, from ‘changing horizons’, which was published in 1986. One of the most obvious quotes backing up the hatred towards British Imperialism is, â€Å"The idea, and the Government of India Act that emerged on 1935, was strongly opposed by one faction in the Conservative Party, which formed itself into the Imperial Defence League. † This Defence League tried to prevent the Act being passed but it was unsuccessful in its efforts, and the Act was passed. â€Å"The Act was attacked both in Britain for going too far†. If Britain didn’t go as far as they did with the act they would have had a more successful reign. In this source there is a quote that suggests that divisions within India that was stopping Indian Independence. â€Å"in India for not going far enough†. This quote suggests that India didn’t believe the Act wasn’t taken out as much as they would have liked. Round table conferences did prove that congress didn’t speak for all of India, and due to the minority of the Muslims in India the 1937 elections were very nerve racking for the Muslims. If Congress came into power they would have been in a very bad situation. The Muslim League needed to win over all of the Muslims and make sure the trials can become fair. Source 17 is much like source 15 because they a both fairly even sided, in what they say. This source is from Rosemary Rees, India 1900-47, published in 2006. It mentions the faults of both British Imperialism and the Divisions between India. â€Å"If only Congress could, in, fact, speak for all main elements in India’s national life then, however advanced their demands our problem would have been in many respects, far easier†. This quote is strongly suggesting that the division in India is preventing the independence. The fact that England can’t get a straight answer from India is making England less confident in giving them independence. They had Congress saying they spoke for the whole of India and they had the Muslim League saying that they don’t and because they are the minority in India they should get an equal say in matters so the Congress doesn’t just make lives for the Hindus better and forget about the Muslims. However, Churchill was adamant that he wasn’t going to give India up. He didn’t even think about it. He knew that he wanted to keep it, therefore in his mind he is going to keep it, no matter what. In source 17 he strongly backs this statement up in saying â€Å"We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King’s first minister in order to preside over liquidation of the British Empire. † This quote just shows how incredibly stubborn Churchill was in his views of handing over India’s independence. It didn’t matter what was happening around him or what was happening in India, India was England’s and he intended it to stay that way. All of these sources mention both points, in different amounts. I personally believe that it was mainly down to British imperialism that prevented India to gain independence. In the 1940’s India found it hard to find independence at all. Though I don’t believe it was all down to England. The fact that India couldn’t give an answer that related to both Muslims and Hindus meant that England lost trust in them. Gandhi was trying to claim that he was speaking for the whole country, whilst Muslims were pleading not to listen to him. It was all very confusing for the English. How to cite Do You Agree with the View That by 1940?, Essay examples

Indonesia Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Indonesia Argumentative Essay IndonesiaThis essay will be on the History in Brief of Indoneisa, the Governmentof Indoneisia, the island of Java, and the Geography of Indoneisa. In early days, the region from India to Japan, including Indonesia, wasknown to the Europeans as the Indies. Chris Colombus was looking for a westwardsea roots from Europe to the Indies when he arrived in America. During 1600sdutch political control began to spread Indonesia. Indonesia declared its independencein 1945 and fought the Dutch until1949 when they gave up their control. At first, the Dutch allowed nationalist movement to delevope. In 1905,it had introduced municipal councils to govern the towns and cities. By 1920,there were 32 such councils, with little electorial franchise. Other councils were also established. They included provicial councilsin Java, and group communities concils outside Java. The government of Indonesia is based on a constitution written in 1945. A president serves as the head of government. The president apionts a sheet ofadvisers consisting of top military leaders and civillians. In theory, the peoples console assembly is supposed to establish ageneral direction of the governments policys. A house of peoples Representatives is the nations parlament, however, inpractice neither the assembly nor the house has real power. Instead, it is thepresident who makes all of the important decisions. The president is elected to a five year term the Peoples Consulativeassembly. Te assembly has 1,000 members. It includes the 500 members of thepeoples representives. It also includes 500 members of regional, occupational,and other groups. All assembly members serve five year terms. The assembly usually is onlyheld once every five years. The 500 members of the Peoples Representativesincludes 400 who are elected through a system that insures that the governmentspotlitical organization win most of the seats. Servicmen have no vote, so theremaining 100 are appointed by the president on the reccomendation of thecomander of the armed forces. Indonesia is divided into twenty-seven provinces. The provinces aredivided into regioncies and municipalities. These units are further dividedinto villages. Officials of all local government units exept villages are appointed bycentral government from lists of people nominated by regional legislators. Indonesian villages elect their own village officials to provide localgovernment. Java lies between Sumatra (to the west), and Bali (to the east).Tothe north is the Java Sea. To the south is the Indian Ocean which Indonesianscall the Indonesian Ocean. The greatest distance from North Java to South Java is two hundredkilometers. From East Java to West Java is over one thousand kilometers. The island of Java has five administrative units: the specialterritory of Jakarta Raya, Java Barat , Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, the specialterritory of Yogjakarta, and Jawa Timur. A chain of volcanic mountains run along the island from west to east. These mountains are apart of a fold in the earths crust which extends fromSoutheast Asian mainland through Sumatra and Java to the lesser Sundra Islands. Java itself has 112 peaks. The volcanic soil is extremely fertile and this aresupports a large population. Tangkuban Prahu in West Java is a live volcanoe that attraccts manutourists. A similar mountain in the Sunda Straights, Krakatoua, is famous forits erruption in 1883. The whole northern portion of the peak was blown away. The explosion was heard over 700 kilometers away. The resulting sea waves causedover thirty six thousand Indonesian deaaths in the low lying of West and SouthJakarta. Indonesia is a country in south east Asia that consists of more than13,600 islands. The islands lie along the equator, and extend more than 5,000kilometers. Many of the islands cover only a few square kilometers but abouthalf of New Guinea (an area called Irian Jaya), and three fourths of Borneo(Kalimantan), also belong to Indonesia. New Guinea and Borneo are the second andthird largest islands in the world after Greenland. .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .postImageUrl , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:visited , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:active { border:0!important; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:active , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inter Comm Essay

Polly Want a Cracker free essay sample

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Three Concepts of Psychodynamic

Three Concepts of Psychodynamic Free Online Research Papers An Analysis of Three Concepts of Psychodynamic, Adlerian and Jungian Psychological Perspectives Weston (1998), states that one of the postulates fundamental to contemporary psychodynamic theory is that a large amount of mental existence, involving thoughts, emotions, and motivation, are unconscious. As a result, people are capable of acting in fashions or acquiring symptoms that are incomprehensible to them (Weston, 1998; Erdelyi, 2001). Weston asserts that research not only corroborates the theory that emotional and motivational processes are unconscious and that they are in fact unconscious’ attempts to manage uncertain emotional events; but also gives credence to Freud’s theory of a dynamically unconscious process, which more explicitly, suggests that there is a purpose for keeping some issues unconscious. Similar to defence mechanism (Erdelyi, 2001), through the avoidance of a painful stimulus because of negative reinforcement, people may learn to evade concentrating on specific cognitive or affective processes since it is linked to disgrace, culpability, or u nhappiness (Weston, 1998). Luborsky, O ’Reilly-Landry Arlow (2008), spoke of explicit memory, which suggests the deliberate recovery of information, while implicit memory suggests that memory does not occur by way of the mind, but is instead, is exhibited by way of ones’ behaviour. Implicit memory is also associated with transference patterns exhibited via the behaviour in new relationships. Associative memory makes connections to things through their resemblance. This process is similar to Freud’s dynamic inquiry, with regard to unconscious meanings, for instance, when a counsellor pursues a line of thinking by its illogical, emotional associations. The technique of free association is a prime example of the use of the unconscious in psychodynamic counselling. Customarily when a client exhibits manners of avoidance a psychodynamic counsellor will probably investigate particular examples and track the path of associations, until patterns start to appear which might offer insight into the cognitive-affective associations fundamental to the avoidance. Since these connections are not obtainable through introspection, the sole manner to plot them would be to observe what ideas, emotions, recollections, images etc. surface, after the client calms their consciousness and essentially states what ever comes into their heads’ (Weston, 1998). Early Recollections as Part of a Lifestyle Assessment Examinations of family constellation, the responsibilities of life and early recollections are likely to generate life stories that when combined, bear patterns of how one lives and copes (Bitter Nicoll, 2000). Bettner Lew (1993) used these examinations in Connexions Focusing Technique in couple counselling, which allowed the counsellor to rapidly distinguish both partner’s life-styles and to explain this information to the their clients. Early recollections transpire in the time prior to uninterrupted memory and is possibly inexact or a total falsehood. It symbolizes a solitary occurrence instead of a cluster of occurrences (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). Taking note of the client’s understanding of their position they hold within the family, assist the counsellor to grasping the client’s overall perception of their position in the world. Paying attention to the person’s encounters with life’s stress, aids the counsellor in uncovering the client’s strong points, perceived failing, and coping manners (Sweeney, Myers, Stephan, 2006). Listening to early recollections may disclose the client’s beliefs about themselves, other people, existence, the universe, as well as their principles; they may also divulge the client’s attitude with regard to the counselling session, the counselling relationship and their obstructing thoughts, which undoubtedly will influence the subject matter and anxieties that are conveyed in the counselling session (Bitter Nicoll, 2000). In Life-Style assessments, the client’s family is examined, followed by the interpretation the patient’s early recollections. Recollections are dealt with as a projective modus operandi. In comprehending early recollections, we are able to comprehend the client’s life story, since people chose to recollect events that are agreeable with their life-styles (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). The summarization of early recollections for life style assessments demonstrates the origins of the client’s â€Å"basic mistakes†. Ones’ way of life may be regarded as an individuals’ fundamental myths, that they accept as true. People will conduct themselves as if the myths were factual since, for them, they are. Consequently, there are â€Å"truths† and â€Å"partial truths† in myths, and there are myths we confuse as truth. Lastly, for the assessment, the counsellor is curious about how the client perceives’ their own positive features (Mosak Maniacci, 2008). Jungs Theory of Psychological Types Used in Counselling Analytical psychology differentiates a number of psychological types. They address inherent distinctions in disposition; the reason why people sense and respond to the world in different ways. Therapy, undoubtedly, is affected by one’s â€Å"personal equation†, this can be categorized using Jungian typology, the benefits being able to think back to dynamics of type which can be ascertained in the connection with the client. Additionally, with regard to this relationship, the counsellor may reflect on what is often highlighted in analytical listening, such as, imagery, verbal communication, physical experience, etc. (Dehing, 1992). Counsellors frequently give types assessments for those in couple or family counselling. By way of its’ reading, people may comprehend that some of their difficulties may have to do with their differences in type. Differences can be acknowledged and dealt with, with less difficulties when understand as conflicts in type, and the understanding of other peoples specific combination of attitude and function types (introversion and extraversion, thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition) which may result in enhanced communication with others (Douglas, 2008). Downey (1924) points out that speed of movement and speed of decision are consequences of typology. Your personality can affect your decision making process. Decision making principles offer guidance for making effective decisions by utilizing shared set of assumptions that allow us to comprehend or predict behaviour (Downey, 1924). A modified form of cognitive styles can be assessed through the use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The fundamental premise for the MBTI is that people have preferences for doing one thing over another. Additionally, what people do and how they choose to do it demonstrates the exercising of their true preference (Douglas, 2008; Bradway, 1964). References Bettner, B. L. Lew, A. (1993). The connexions focusing technique for couple therapy: A model for understanding life-style and complementarity in couples. The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research Practice, 49, 3/4, 372-391. Bitter, J. R., Nicoll, W. G. (2000). Adlerian brief therapy with individuals: Process and practice. Journal of Individual Psychology, 56, 31-44. Bradway, K. (1964). Jung’s psychological types. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 9, 2, 129- 135. Dehing, Jef (1992), The therapist’s interventions in Jungian analysis. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 37, 1, 29-47. Douglas, C. (2008). Analytical psychotherapy. In R.J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.). Current psychotherapies (8th ed., pp.107-140). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Downey, J. E. (1924). Jungs Psychological Types and Will-Temperament Patterns. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 18,4, 345-349. Erdelyi, M. H. (2001). Defense processes can be conscious or unconscious. American Psychologist, 56, 9, 761-762. Luborsky, E., O’Reilly-Landry M., ArlowJ. A. (2008). Psychoanalysis. In R. Corsini, D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies. (8th ed., pp.15-62). Belmont, CA: The Thomson Corporation. Mosak, H.H., Maniacci, M. (2008). Adlerian psychotherapy. In R.J. Corsini D. Wedding (Eds.), Current psychotherapies (8th ed., pp.63-106). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Russell-Chapin, L.A. Rybak, C.J. (1996). The art of teaching Jungian analysis. Journal of Humanistic Education Development, 34,4, 171-182. Sweeney, T. J., Myers, J. E., Stephan, J. B. (2006). Integrating Developmental Counseling and Therapy Assessment with Adlerian Early Recollections. Journal of Individual Psychology, 62, 3, 251-269. Westen, D. (1998). The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 3, 333-37. Research Papers on Three Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Capital investments of Shangri-La is chiefly in Asia- Pacific regions. Apart from extensive hospitality and marketing strategies, some part of growth and expansion of Shangri-La is also due to increase in travelling tendencies of people. The fact that international traveling has become more hazardless has also contributed to this fact. Shangri-La is known for its business focus and capital investments. Like most other hotel chains in Asia, Shangri-La hotels do not engage in multiple business provisions. Shangri-La hotels and resorts are situated in 29 locations and have over 23,000 rooms. In order to compete in global market, Shangri-La has ventured beyond its business activities in Asian markets, and has entered other nations especially into China. Expansion was made in luxury segment as well as in business relationship between owner and operators. This was achieved by extension and well management of contracts. As per their extension programs, Shangri-La has established as many as thirty- five hotels in different and popular tourist destinations of Asia. Some of these destinations include Singapore, India, Malaysia, Japan, etc. Shangri-La has its branches in almost all prominent cities in these continents, like Chicago, Miami, London, Vancouver, Paris, Las Vegas, etc. These achievements have made Shangri-La one of the largest chains of deluxe hotels that are based in Asia. Business activities of Shangri-La, in fact, have not been constrained to Asia only. Over time Shangri-La branches has been established in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates first, and then to Muscat, Oman. Later on it was expanded to other Middle East, Europe, and North America as well. Shangri-La has also expanded in Australia. In 2006, the organization had approximately 40 future projects. (Campbel and Kazan, n.d., pp. 432- 438) However, as far as its expansion to China is concerned, Shangri-La has experienced huge benefits from China’s growing economy. Since 2006, Chinese economy h as turned towards a new growth. This has made China one of the most important concerns of Shangri-La. this concern is evident from the fact that since 2006, most of the projects regarding establishment of new hotel branches were set in China. The figure is estimated to be somewhere around 188 hotels. Another reason why Shangri-La has invested a major part in China is because, in recent times, China has introduced much relation in travel, and has withdrawn some travel restrictions also. It has resulted in significant growth in domestic and outbound travel in China. Also, international events like Olympics in 2008, held in Beijing have not only given China more exposure internationally but have also boosted the country’s economy. All these factors, combined, have prompted Shangri-La to invest more in China. (Campbel and Kazan, n.d., pp. 433) Shangri-La has been following a differentiation strategy as far as international competence is concerned. This chain of hotels had differe ntiated itself by establishing itself as a cultural brand. That is to say, overall brand strategy of Shangri-La is based on Asian hospitality and cultures. The chief aim is to please and delight the customers. Other objectives include consistent top- notch service that would keep up the brand image. Shangri-La Care is the best example of this. This unit has been set up by Shangri-La Hotels as a measure to ensure customer service. This program also included training and developmental

Fuji Xerox Strategic Alliance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fuji Xerox Strategic Alliance - Essay Example However, the 4:1 success ratio of strategic alliances has not deterred companies and business enterprises from continuously forming strategic alliances. The most viable reason for this continuation of forming strategic alliances despite the frequent failures may be the present era's increasingly competitive environment. Business firms and companies in every industry are searching new and more effective ways to increase and sustain their competitive advantage. In this search for new mediums to augment the competitive advantage, most of the companies have realized that, owing to a variety of reasons e.g. cultural and social differences, change in consumer's needs and wants and today's accelerating technological advances, significant improvements in performance and competitive advantage cannot be achieved alone ( Whipple J.M. and Frankel R., 1999). Per se, the traditional response of acquisition to enhance the performance and competitiveness of a company is no longer the only alternative. Strategic alliance is the new alternative that facilitates the merging of partnering companies or firms' individual strengths and expertise while also compensating for the participating companies internal resource scarcities without them having to make the required investments for the actual ownership. The most fundamental aspect for a strategic alliance to be a successful, is finding the right match in which experience, expertise, knowledge and strategic resources of the participating companies will complement each other. However, in the business arena today, the researchers have found out that newly formed strategic alliances are more vulnerable to failure than those which have lasted for some time (Lunnan R and Haugland A.S., n.d1.). According to Steve Steinhilber, the vice-president of Strategic Alliances at Cisco, "companies worldwide launch more than two thousand strategic alliances every year, about the quarter of them are complete failures and more than half never deliver as promised" (Steinhilber S, 2008). However, amidst these strategic alliance failures there is the "Fuji Xerox", the strategic alliance between the Japan's Fuji Photo Film Co. Ltd and America's Xerox Corporation, which can be said to be the most successful long term strategic alliance, till date. Hence this paper has been developed as report that envisages the evolution of this strategic alliance between Fuji and Xerox and how it became the most successful strategic alliance as "Fuji Xerox". In the course of understanding the factors that facilitated and made this venture the most triumphant long term strategic alliance, the report perhaps, will also be able to shed some light on the essential building blocks of successful alliances and how to establish them. Creating a

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK

Discussion Concerning the Principle Sources of Law in the UK This essay will consider the principle sources of law in the UK, and how law is made through; Parliament which is considered the supreme law making body, common law or law made by judges, and European Union law (EU law). It will explain the different processes by which law can be changed and how law reform is produced by parliamentary and judicial activity. It will then show how Parliament takes into account social, technological and economic changes when dealing with particularities of law reform through the Law Commission, Royal Commissions, and various member bills. It will also show how the judiciary use interpretation of the law to implement reform it in an opportunistic way case by case. Consideration will be given to EU law and how this affects the law making process. The British constitutution, unlike other constitutions throughout the world is an unwritten constitution. It is a creation of historical progress and while many of its sources are written it remains uncodified. The constitution sets out how power should be balanced between the governing bodies. In the UK there are three main sources of law, Parliamentary law (statute law), Common law and EU law. Parliamentary law in the form of Acts, begin in a variety of ways as Bills, these are proposals for a new piece of legislation presented to Parliament and must go through various stages of agreement, by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords before being formally approved by the reigning sovereign, in the form of Royal Assent in order to become part of the UK Law. Public Bills presented by a government minister affect the entire population and generally become Acts of Parliament, while Private Member Bills although similar are presented by non government ministers such as MPs or Lords. Many of these do not become law, but do raise publicity around the issues they are concerned with. The Children Act 2004 created a Childrens Commissioner for England in response to issues raised from a Private Members Bill (The Open University, 2011, p.101). A Private Bill is presented by other organisations such as private companies and affects only a minority of society. Bills may be passed because of a national emergency or in reaction to some new technology. The Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, was created in direct response to the events of terrorist attacks on America on 11 September 2001. It allows for the indefinite detention without trial of foreign nationals who are suspected of posing a threat to the security of this country (The Daily Tel egraph, 2003). However, this may be incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). During the law making process there are many influences on Parliament in the form of Law Commissions, Royal Commissions, and various pressure groups. The Law Commission was established by The Law Commission Act 1965 as an independent body to reassess the existing law, recommend reforms and abolish old laws or amend existing laws. Royal Commissions are advisory groups set up by Government to generally deal with non political issues. The introduction of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 came about from recommendations from the commission when the Birmingham Six successfully had their convictions overturned. In the UK historically, the judiciary make law by way of contributing to the development of the common law. The legal principles are built on through the courts by judges case by case over time, through an established practice of precedent known as stare decisis meaning to stand by decided cases. In the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599, the House of Lords, which was the highest court until 2009, decided to overrule previous precedent by recognising the offence of marital rape, however the House of Lords felt constrained to say they were changing the law, but were simply removing an error as to the true meaning of the law. Accurate law reporting through Year Books, The Law Reports, Weekly Lay Reports and European Law Reports, allows for this legal doctrine to be collated, identified and accessed. The doctrine of binding precedent refers to the hierarchical structure of the court system, and means that a decision made in a higher court is binding on the courts below it, however, this can lead to the judiciary overstepping their constitutional role by actually making law instead of applying it. Judges can ensure that a statute is interpreted properly, giving flexibility without waiting for Parliaments prolonged processes. By the use of statutory interpretation the judiciary can influence the law using rules developed over time, however, each rule can result in different decisions. Statutory interpretation is made up of four rules that the judiciary use when deciding on the outcome of a court case. By applying the literal rule, the judge considers what the statute actually says in its every day meaning and applies this, unless this would produce an outcome that was absurd, then the golden rule which allows the judiciary to look for another meaning for the words in the statue. The mischief rule gives more discretion as the judiciary can look at the law before the statute was created, in order to discover what mischief the statute was intended to deal with. With the purposive rule the court is not just looking at what the statute intended but also what they think Parliament meant to achieve. The UK courts are divided into a hierarchy which practices law at all levels, in both civil and criminal matters. The lowest court is the Magistrates Courts, followed by the Crown Court and County Courts, the High Court, the Court of Appeal and the highest court is the Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords). The hierarchy system means that decisions can be checked or overruled by higher courts to take into account changes to political, social or technological conditions. Decisions made in the Supreme Court are binding to all UK courts. Other influences come from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and the Court of Justice of the European Union which overrides domestic precedent. EU law has power over UK law, even without having been approved by the UK Parliament and, where applicable, the UK is bound by that law and cannot make conflicting laws. The UK was the first country to ratify the ECHR in 1951, and it has been introduced into English law covering basics such as the right to life, and the right to marry and found a family. Any new laws must be compatible with the ECHR. The Human Rights Act 1998 is classed as one of the most important pieces of legislation in the UK, it allows the ECHR to be part of British law, and allows citizens to use the domestic court system when breaches of their rights are in dispute. Whilst this does not allow the courts to overrule an Act of Parliament, they can make a declaration of incompatibility under s.4 of the Act. Parliament then decides whether the law should be changed, but this allows the judiciary some discretionary powers under s.8 allowing them to award remedies. Law making in England and Wales is based on a democratic Parliament so that the public can have an effect on law reform. Through general elections every five years it ensures that the government does not remain in power against the wishes of the people, however most people vote based on a partys proposals, and the winning party are not legally bound to keep these promises. As the first past the post election system is not a balanced representation system, a government may not have a majority of public support through votes, despite winning a majority of constituent seats. This allows for a powerful government with overwhelming Parliamentary power to push through its required legislation whilst having the support of a minority of the people. Legislation can be passed during times of crisis, following a breakthrough in science on human embryo cloning The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 came into force within nine days. The Law Reform Act 1965 codifies all areas of law, including co rporate law, family law, and reproductive rights The introduction of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA 2007) came about in response to societys frustration with the lack of successful corporate prosecutions such as the POs Herald of Free Enterprise disaster in 1987, R v PO [1991] in which 190 people were killed, when the bow doors were left open after setting sail. The current law at the time lacked provisions for negligence where death occurred, as the common law offence required an individual to be responsible, even though the coroners report gave a ruling of unlawful killing. In such a large corporation the prosecution were not able to identify the individuals responsible for obvious and serious risk of the ship setting sail with its bow doors open (Bergman, D. 1990). The Law Commission with pressure from the Health and Safety Executive and the Centre for Corporate Accountability proposed reform for the creation of the 2007 Act. Parliament took more than ten years to implement the legislation, and while showing some positive reforms, is limited. New prosecutions can only be prosecuted by the Director of Public Prosecutions and only in the High Court. The judiciary powers under s.6 only allow for indictment of a fine if a corporation is convicted of corporate manslaughter or corporate homicide, with ss.9 and 10 providing the sanction of remedial orders for them to remedy the breach. In 2011 the successful conviction of a company under the CMCHA 2007 led to a large fine for Cotswold Geotechnical Holdings Ltd, on appeal the Court of Appeal upheld the conviction but no real precedent was set as it was small family run business with a sole director. The judiciary will have to wait for prosecutions of larger organisations before any interpretation of th e Act will become clear. Family law in the UK has been subject to substantial modification over the years, through social changes encompassing marriage, divorce, non-marital cohabitation, same sex partnerships and adoption. These changes in ideas about family can affect legal issues such as taxation, inheritance and other civil and criminal laws. The Marriage Act 1949 was challenged in the European Court of Human Rights in the case of B and L v United Kingdom [2006]. UK law did not allow a father-in-law to marry his daughter -in-law, even though both were divorced and had formed a relationship. The ECrtHR found this incompatible with Article 12 of the convention and consequently the UK Parliament reformed this law in the Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007. The concept of common law husband or wife does not exist in the UK legal system, couples who live together, whether same sex or heterosexual, and are not married do not have the same legal rights as those that are. The Odysseus Group, a pressure group for equal rights for all called for changes in the law to allow these couples to have the same legal rights as married couples. This and the case of Anna Homsi (The Open University, 2011 p.54) led to the creation of The Civil Partnership Act 2004 allowing same sex couples to register their partnership and be afforded the same rights as a married couple. Parliament left out recommendations from The Law Commission to include heterosexual couples in the Bill, during the parliamentary term. It maintains that heterosexual couples can marry if they want to whereas same sex couples cannot under the present law. Technological and medical advances have occurred in a relatively short period of time, and the necessity to regulate these practices became an issue of statutory regulation as they are in the public interest. The legal issues with reproductive technology brought about the creation of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 (HFEA 1990). The Act sets out the principles, prohibitions and created the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) to regulate and assist the judiciary in applying the law. This Act however was implemented based on technology and science from 1984. Section 12 of the HFEA 1990 sets out the conditions for licensing, and requires compliance of section 3, the requirements for effective consent of treatment (The Open University, 2012 p.91). This was challenged by Diane Blood who wanted to have fertility treatment using the sperm of her dead husband. However, the sperm had been taken while her husband was in a coma and he had not given written consent to its use. The HFEA refused to authorise treatment without consent, and it was ruled in the Court of Appeal that she could exercise her rights under s.10 of the ECHR to have fertility treatment in another EU state. This illustrates that the law was open to interpretation, as written consent was not specified in the Act. The court stated that as Parliament had delegated responsibility to the Authority, then the courts should not interfere, however they did point to considerations with regards to the EC Treaty and Diane Bloods enforceable rights. The Government acknowledged this position and no amendments have been made to the Act. In the case of R (on the application of Quintavalle on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 the courts ruled, after using a purposive interpretation that the embryos created through cell nuclear replacement (CNR) could be used for experimentation without the limitation of time or any other restriction. In the Court of Appeal reference was made to the case of Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800, and concluded that the legislation would have imposed the same restrictions on embryos from CNR as embryos from a person. They interpreted that although the technology did not exist when the Act was created, Parliaments regulation of the use of embryos was clear. The Government created The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001. In conclusion, this essay shows how the law making process and law reform is defined through technological, social and economic developments. Parliament as a public elected body deals with the particularities of reform through the various commissions, pressure groups and members bills as they are accountable to the public. The judiciary can be seen to reform the law through the common law system, using principles of interpretation, and they do this in an opportunistic way through cases as they are presented to the courts. Although the implementation of The Human Rights Act 1998 gives judges the power to declare incompatibilities with the current law, it is still opportunistic, and piecemeal. Bibliography Statutes Abortion Act 1967 Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 Children Act 2004 Civil Partnership Act 2004 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Criminal Appeal Act 1995 The European Convention of Human Rights Family Law Act 1996 Family Law (Scotland) Act 2006 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 The Human Rights Act 1998 The Law Commission Act 1965 Marital Causes Act 1973 Marriage Act 1949 Marriage Act 1949 (Remedial) Order 2007 (2007 No. 438) Cases B and L v United Kingdom [2006] 1 FLR 35 R v Human Fertilisation and Emryology Authority, ex parte Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687 R v PO European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1991) 93 Cr App R 72; [1991] Crim : R 695 R v R [1992] 1 AC 599 R (on application of Quintaville on behalf of Pro-life Alliance) v Secretary of State for Health [2001] EWHC Admin 918 Royal College of Nursing of the United Kingdom v Department of Health and Social Security [1981] AC 800 Course Units Arthur, R. (2011) Unit 7 Unlawful Conduct, W100 Block 2 Legal Personality, p57-67, Milton Keynes, The Open University Arthur, R., Goodey, J., and Howells, C. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.89-113, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. (2012), Unit 25 Law, justice and social change: (3) law and reproductive technology, W100 Block 7, Justice, p.90-124, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. and Slapper, G. (2011) Unit 4 Making Law (2) common law. W100 Block 1, Rules, and rule making, p.141-192, Milton Keynes, The Open University Howells, C. And Zambellas, A. (2011) Unit 5 Making Law (3) Europe, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p.207-230, Milton Keynes, The Open University Montgomery, H. (2012), Unit 24 Law, justice and social change: (2) marriage and family, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.47-74, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. and Goodey, J. (2011) Unit 3 Making Law: (1) Parliament, W100 Block 1 Rules, and rule making, p89-138, Milton Keynes, The Open University Zambellas, A. and Voiculescu, A. (2012) Unit 23 Law, justice and social change: (1) corporate manslaughter, W100 Block 7 Justice, p.13-32, Milton Keynes, The Open University Reader Articles Bergman, D. (1990) Recklessness in the boardroom, New Law Journal, 140, 6477, p.1496, Reading 28 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Community Legal Service Direct Information Leaflet 7 (2005), The Human Rights Act, Legal Services Commission, Reading 7 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (extract), 2007 Chapter 19, Reading 35 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University The Daily Telegraph (2003) Desperate times need temporary measures, Daily Telegraph, London, 19 December 2003, p.23, Reading 5 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Forlin, G. (2007) Worth the wait?, New Law Journal, 157 NLJ 1165, Reading 36 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Gerry, A. (2005) Happy birthday human rights, New Law Journal, 155 NLJ 1469, Reading 8 Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Muylle, K. J. (2003) Improving the effectiveness of parliamentary legislative procedures, Statute Law Review, 24 (169), Reading 7 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Slapper, G. (1996) Should the judges or MPs make the laws?, The Times, London, The Times Newspapers, 2 July 1996, Reading 23 Reader 1, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Weait, M. (2003) The Civil Partnerships Bill, Family Law News, January 2003, Reading 38, Reader 3, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University DVD The Open University (2008), Organisations and Justice, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University (DVD) The Open University (2008), The case of Diane Blood;, W100 DVD, W100 Rules, rights and justice, Milton Keynes, The Open University Other References Slapper, G, and Kelly, D. (2011) The English Legal System (12th edn), Abingdon, Routledge, p.153), Milton Keynes, The Open University

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil becomes so famous not for the awards that are bestowed on it (both the book and the film version) but mainly for the remarkable story that it presents on public since its premiere.The book is written by John Berendt, a columnist from New York. His idea to work on the Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil came about when he went to Savannah. George for â€Å"some capricious adventure† and found himself so hooked with a â€Å"strange news† that he heard during his stay at the place (Kovington). This inspired him to create a novel, a book.The thesis of this paper is focused on the roles that are played by the different characters in the novel which also come from the different levels in the society. In addition, the novel gives the reader the image of how the people of and the place itself, Savannah are structured during the tragedy. Such thematic approach gives more volume and quality to it, particularly in the book version.As a N on-Fictional AccountAs mentioned earlier, Berendt’s novel is drawn from a true story which he obtained during his stay in Savannah. The story revolves on the mystery in the murder of a local hustler named Danny Hansford and a revered antique art broker Jim Williams which happened in May 1981. The two protagonists in the novel are said to have a prior â€Å"intimate relationship before Hansford’s death (Berendt).† The murder happened at the home of William. The mystery of Hansford’s murder became the focal point of the story. While the novel develops through the court proceedings against Williams, Berendt made himself a character of the story as if he was really there when the incident took place.The novel is about Berendt's factual encounters in his journey in Savannah, though he recognizes that several of the conversations found throughout the novel is less than valid. The novel is an anthology of narratives of different people he met. â€Å"The remoten ess of Savannah implies peculiarities are on no account permitted to escape (Berendt).† In its place, they became concerted. The first part of the novel vibrantly gets the unusual character of the town.He describes the characters that he employs in the story. Joe Odom leaps from one house to another with no intention of paying his bills, providing frenziedly bashes and offering momentous excursions. Luther Driggers seeks to devise â€Å"glow-in-the-dark goldfish† to amuse intoxicating wits, however he is dreaded for he hands a venom that is 500 times more lethal than arsenic (Berendt). The Lady Chablis, who is one of the most celebrated characters in the story (which is also portrayed in the film version), is an arrogant â€Å"drag queen† who is in no way devoid of a devious comment (Berendt). Jim Williams is the suave antique broker who lives as how true-blooded aristocrats live.The second part of the novel entails a more definite plot account.   Williams is c harged of killing Hansford. On the other hand, the latter is the conventional agitator, yearning for affection and consideration, yet with excessively callous wall to let someone recognize it. Williams argues that he shot the victim just to defend himself, however the evidence is profoundly alongside him. He uses all his money to pay for his lawyers to make out for the trials and proceedings. Nevertheless, he does not simply depend on what money can do. He also thinks that being focused on making out victoriously with the trial will bring success tom him.Criticism and Comments on the NovelThere is just something that is obvious throughout the interpretation of the novel – that is, it is deficient in ethical rationale. This novel bears ingenious discourse, â€Å"goose-bump-inducing character† outline, and that popular talent to draw the reader feels like he or she is really there in the novel as a part of every spectacle (Kovington). The novel does somewhat which could not be done by merely visiting the town; it depicts the novel as if it is alive as how the reader progress in reading it. The town captivates the reader. To name it as appealing is to go amiss. To describe it astonishing is to exaggerate. It is purely animate.The novel is put up freely just about the assassination of Danny Hansford by Jim Williams and the succeeding four murder court proceedings that ran for more than eight straight years. Towards the end of the novel, Williams, the alleged murdered of Hansford, was found to be not guilty. Nonetheless, the chief concern of the account for most of the readers has been â€Å"the affluence of delicately strained minor characters from every societal rank and the craftily established yarn that makes a wall-hanging of Savannah (Porter).†Appraisals of the novel roughly commonly commended the excellence of the writing. â€Å"Even the Savannah Morning News labeled it as a forceful, morbidly captivating, marvelously written novel desp ite the fact that the critic found the abundance of characters and story —nonetheless masterfully provided— awe-inspiring and pathetic (Porter).† The similar critic also grieved over the inadequacy of a tough plot to push the action, and became disappointed by the ultimate uncertainty of â€Å"whether the shooting was really a murder or simply a self-defense (Kovington).†Awards and RecognitionsThe success of the publication of the novel did not only bring honor to John Berendt but also give overwhelming advantages to the setting of the story. â€Å"Tourists across the world travel to visit the historical setting of the novel (Writers & Books, 2007).† Such visits boosted the economy of the entire Savannah starting from the hotels and motels which accommodated number of tourists and visitors. Special memorabilia for the novel were also sold out thus heightening more the economy of Savannah.Such progress paved the way for recognizing the author of the novel for employing such very significant contribution not only to the history of Savannah but also on its economy. Berendt was honored by the Savannah Economic Development Authority on April 22, 1996 and was given a special award by no less than the town’s mayor on April 26, 1996 declaring that date as the John Berendt Day.The novel also bagged the Southern Book Award and became a finalist in the prestigious Pulitzer Prize Awards. However, the novels’ most notable achievement was when â€Å"it topped the New York Times best-seller list for over 216 weeks (Writers & Books, 2007).†ConclusionTo end, Berendt’s Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil becomes successful. Though originally the novel’s purpose is to give an account about a true story which happened in Savannah, the prize of the novel extends more than recognitions for the author but also for the setting of the novel itself.The novel’s success is not merely due to the fact that it c onveys a mystery-like theme but more because of the appealing way of how the novel presented the different characters that Savannah has. The novel interests the reader to go through the novel by the creation of such fascinating characters. Thus it can be said that the novel leads the way for catching the attention of the people to go and see through the entire Savannah.Works CitedBerendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Modern Library, 2005.Porter, Darwin. Midnight in Savannah. First ed. Georgia Literary Association, 2000.

Interpretative Essay-Use of Writing Templates

In the preface of â€Å"They Say/ I Say': The Moves That Matter in Academic Writing, the authors furnish certain types of writing templates geared toward cuing students to think cognitively as well as critically; ultimately producing a writing style that is unique and creative to the individual. Graff and Bernstein maintain that the templates they offer â€Å"help students make a host of sophisticated moves† in their rating â€Å"that they might not otherwise make†.In addition, not only can the templates spark subconscious thoughts and ideas in students, but they can help the more experienced scholars as well. Whereas others regard their own beliefs to be self- justifiable and need no elaboration, the authors offer that by supplying the student with specific templates for â€Å"entertaining a counterargument† can help stifle these pretentious beliefs. Thus, it could be said about their shared opinions that templates o more than systematize ideas and concepts, bu t bring forth said ideas into being.After rereading the introduction a few times, I agree. Those unfamiliar to entertaining such train of thought may be intrigued to know that by utilizing these templates, we can effectively portray our deepest intelligence by counterintuitive means. For example, looking at something from someone else's perspective (perhaps even an opposing party) can bring new ideas to the surface that would otherwise main unknown.Some might contest that the opposing perspective is irrelevant because the thoughts stem from their mind's eye which, in retrospect, might impact the overall argument or statement that they wanted to convey. Although I understand the objections from skeptics, I still maintain that having an open mind when it comes to writing is crucial in the evolution of our thought process as students and professionals.I can say that there might be limitations on how many ways we can approach an argument or topic before it becomes deceased. Although the se writing templates may seem like they only apply to a minute vernacular, it does in fact apply to a wide array of professional and personal social environments.

Anti-Semitism in the West from Constantine to the...

Anti-Semitism in the West from Constantine to the expulsion of Jews from Spain OUTLINE Introduction I. Constantine and Christianity as the state religion A. Legislation concerning Jews B. The Justinian Code C. Anti-Semitic Church Fathers II. The Crusades A. The march to Jerusalem B. Fourth Lateran Council C. Host desecration and blood libel D. Pogroms III. The expulsion of Jews from Spain A. The Inquisition B. The Conversos C. Expulsion Conclusion Anti-Semitism is defined as prejudice or discrimination against, and persecution of, the Jews as an ethnic group. Historically, this has been practiced for many different reasons, by the ancient Egyptians before the Exodus, under the Babylonian†¦show more content†¦Hippolytus writes: Now then, incline thine ear to me and hear my words, and give heed, thou Jew. Many a time does thou boast thyself, in that thou didst condemn Jesus of Nazareth to death, and didst give him vinegar and gall to drink; and thou dost vaunt thyself because of this. Come, therefore, and let us consider together whether perchance thou dost boast unrighteously, O, Israel, and whether thou small portion of vinegar and gall has not brought down this fearful threatening upon thee and whether this is not the cause of thy present condition involved in these myriad of troubles.5 As the Church came into power in the fourth century, it turned on the synagogues with even greater intensity. Jewish civil and religious status was deteriorating, thanks to the influence the bishops had in the political arena. Laws were passed making it a capital offense for any Jew to make a convert, they were excluded from various professions, denied all civil honors, and their autonomy of worship was being threatened. In every way, they were being discriminated against. Christians felt that this growing evidence now supported their belief in divine punishment. Hilary of Potieres spoke of the Jews as a people who had always persisted in iniquity and out of its abundance of evil glorified in wickedness.6 Ambrose defended a fellow bishop