Geography, Climate and Species of Earths Arctic Region

The Arctic is the Earth region that lies between 66.5Â °N and the North Pole. In addition to being defined as 66.5Â °N of the equator, the specific border of the Arctic region is defined as the area in which average July temperatures follow the 50Â °F (10Â °C) isotherm (map). Geographically, the Arctic spans the Arctic Ocean and covers land areas in parts of Canada, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States (Alaska). Geography and Climate of the Arctic The majority of the Arctic is composed of the Arctic Ocean which was formed when the Eurasian Plate moved toward the Pacific Plate thousands of years ago. Although this ocean makes up the majority of the Arctic region, it is the worlds smallest ocean. It reaches depths of 3,200 feet (969 m) and is connected to the Atlantic and the Pacific via several straits and seasonal waterways such as the Northwest Passage (between the U.S. and Canada) and the Northern Sea Route (between Norway and Russia). Since the majority of the Arctic is the Arctic Ocean along with straits and bays, much of the Arctic region is composed of a drifting ice pack which can be up to nine feet (three meters) thick during winter. In the summer, this ice pack is replaced mainly by open water that is often dotted with icebergs that formed when ice broke from land glaciers and/or chunks of ice that have broken away from the ice pack. The Arctic regions climate is very cold and harsh for most of the year due to the Earths axial tilt. Because of this, the region never receives direct sunlight, but instead gets rays indirectly and thus gets less solar radiation. In the winter, the Arctic region has 24 hours of darkness because the high latitudes such as the Arctic are turned away from the sun at this time of year. By contrast in the summer, the region receives 24 hours of sunlight because the Earth is tilted toward the sun. However because the suns rays are not direct, summers are also mild to cool in most parts of the Arctic. Because the Arctic is covered with snow and ice for much of the year, it also has high albedo or reflectivity and thus reflects solar radiation back into space. Temperatures are also milder in the Arctic than in Antarctica because the presence of the Arctic Ocean helps moderate them. Some of the lowest recorded temperatures in the Arctic were recorded in Siberia around -58Â °F (-50Â °C). The average Arctic temperature in the summer is 50Â °F (10Â °C) although in some places, temperatures can reach 86Â °F (30Â °C) for short periods. Plants and Animals of the Arctic Since the Arctic has such a harsh climate and permafrost is prevalent in the Arctic region, it mainly consists of treeless tundra with plant species such as lichen and mosses. In the spring and summer, low-growing plants are also common. Low growing plants, lichen and moss are most common because they have shallow roots which are not blocked by the frozen ground and since they do not grow into the air, they are less prone to damage by high winds. The animal species present in the Arctic varies based on the season. In the summer, there are many different whale, seal and fish species in the Arctic Ocean and the waterways surrounding it and on land there are species such as wolves, bears, caribou, reindeer and many different types of birds. In the winter however, many of these species migrate south to warmer climates. Humans in the Arctic Humans have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years. These were mainly groups of indigenous peoples such as the Inuit in Canada, the Saami in Scandinavia and the Nanets and Yakuts in Russia. In terms of modern inhabitation, many of these groups are still present as are territorial claims by the aforementioned nations with lands in the Arctic region. In addition, the nations with territories bordering the Arctic Ocean also have maritime exclusive economic zone rights. Because the Arctic is not conducive to agriculture due to its harsh climate and permafrost, the historic indigenous inhabitants survived by hunting and gathering their food. In many locations, this is still the case for the surviving groups today. For example, Canadas Inuit survive by hunting animals such as seals on the coast during the winter and caribou inland during the summer. Despite its sparse population and harsh climate, the Arctic region is important to the world today because it has significant amounts of natural resources. Thus, this is why many nations are concerned with having territorial claims in the region and in the Arctic Ocean. Some the major natural resources in the Arctic include petroleum, minerals and fishing. Tourism is also beginning to grow in the region and scientific exploration is a growing field both on land in the Arctic and in the Arctic Ocean. Climate Change and the Arctic In recent years, it has become known that the Arctic region is extremely susceptible to climate change and global warming. Many scientific climate models also predict larger amounts of climate warming in the Arctic than on the rest of the Earth, which has raised concerns about shrinking ice packs and melting glaciers in places like Alaska and Greenland. It is believed that the Arctic is susceptible mainly because of feedback loops- high albedo reflects solar radiation, but as sea ice and glaciers melt, the darker ocean water begins to absorb, instead of reflect, solar radiation, which further increases temperatures. Most climate models show near to complete loss of sea ice in the Arctic in September (the warmest time of year) by 2040. Problems related to global warming and climate change in the Arctic include loss of habitat critical habitat for many species, rising sea levels for the world if sea ice and glaciers melt and a release of methane stored in permafrost, which could exacerbate climate change. References National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.) NOAA Arctic Theme Page: A Comprehensive Resrouce. Retrieved from: http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/ Wikipedia. (2010, April 22). Arctic - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic

Research A Case Study Approach Essay - 1205 Words

Introduction to Research – A Case Study Approach Introduction to research creates a blueprint of psychological research intended for undergraduates at a fundamental level. Moreover, it explains the foundation of psychological research, which is aimed at achieving four key objectives, which if applied to our career goals, will provide self-improvement and increase our marketability. The first three of these four objectives; describe, explain and predict, fall under basic research, while the last of the four; manipulation of emotions and mental constitution, fall under applied research (Crawford, 2016, p. 53). However, these objectives are accomplished through experimental and nonexperimental approaches, classified under two principal research methodologies; qualitative and quantitative. This paper describes the various concepts associated with research discussed in my Psychology class, Introduction to research. 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Do You Agree with the View That by 1940 Free Essays

Do you agree with the view that by 1940 the main obstacle to Indian independence was not British imperialism but divisions within India? Many people believe that in the 1940’s most of India’s problems involving independence was to do with divisions within India rather than British imperialism. In this essay I will be looking at both points of view and finally giving my opinion. I will be using three sources also to help me show both sides of the story. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Agree with the View That by 1940? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will also be using my further knowledge to add a wider range of knowledge. Source 15 is a statement made by Viceroy Linlithgow during discussions with Muhammad Ali Jinnah in August 1940, concerning arrangements for the wartime administration of India. In this source he is both for and against the view of the question. â€Å"His Majesty’s Government could not contemplate transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and welfare of India to any system of Government†. This is suggesting that England can’t even imagine giving any real power to India. Which means England is withholding any peace for India by not giving them any power. England are also holding back any welfare for India by keeping all the power. However, the Viceroy also says afterwards, â€Å"Whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful elements in India’s national life†. This quote is saying that divisions within India are slowing down the progression of gaining power for India. Even England’s power over India is being disrupted by the divisions within India. If a specialist governing country is struggling to stay in control how is an inexperienced country going to handle one of the largest countries in the world? Linlithgow made the August offer in 1940; along with Jinnah they discussed a whole range of issues regarding India and the war. The Viceroy did make an effort to involve the Muslim community with the proposals in the august offer as well. One of the proposals was â€Å"an assurance that the government would not adapt any new constitution without the prior approval of Muslim India†. This shows that the Viceroy tried to prevent divisions within India. Source 16 is a lot more one sided compared to source 15. Source 16 mainly believes that it is British imperialism that is preventing Indian Independence. This source is from W. O. Simpson, from ‘changing horizons’, which was published in 1986. One of the most obvious quotes backing up the hatred towards British Imperialism is, â€Å"The idea, and the Government of India Act that emerged on 1935, was strongly opposed by one faction in the Conservative Party, which formed itself into the Imperial Defence League. † This Defence League tried to prevent the Act being passed but it was unsuccessful in its efforts, and the Act was passed. â€Å"The Act was attacked both in Britain for going too far†. If Britain didn’t go as far as they did with the act they would have had a more successful reign. In this source there is a quote that suggests that divisions within India that was stopping Indian Independence. â€Å"in India for not going far enough†. This quote suggests that India didn’t believe the Act wasn’t taken out as much as they would have liked. Round table conferences did prove that congress didn’t speak for all of India, and due to the minority of the Muslims in India the 1937 elections were very nerve racking for the Muslims. If Congress came into power they would have been in a very bad situation. The Muslim League needed to win over all of the Muslims and make sure the trials can become fair. Source 17 is much like source 15 because they a both fairly even sided, in what they say. This source is from Rosemary Rees, India 1900-47, published in 2006. It mentions the faults of both British Imperialism and the Divisions between India. â€Å"If only Congress could, in, fact, speak for all main elements in India’s national life then, however advanced their demands our problem would have been in many respects, far easier†. This quote is strongly suggesting that the division in India is preventing the independence. The fact that England can’t get a straight answer from India is making England less confident in giving them independence. They had Congress saying they spoke for the whole of India and they had the Muslim League saying that they don’t and because they are the minority in India they should get an equal say in matters so the Congress doesn’t just make lives for the Hindus better and forget about the Muslims. However, Churchill was adamant that he wasn’t going to give India up. He didn’t even think about it. He knew that he wanted to keep it, therefore in his mind he is going to keep it, no matter what. In source 17 he strongly backs this statement up in saying â€Å"We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King’s first minister in order to preside over liquidation of the British Empire. † This quote just shows how incredibly stubborn Churchill was in his views of handing over India’s independence. It didn’t matter what was happening around him or what was happening in India, India was England’s and he intended it to stay that way. All of these sources mention both points, in different amounts. I personally believe that it was mainly down to British imperialism that prevented India to gain independence. In the 1940’s India found it hard to find independence at all. Though I don’t believe it was all down to England. The fact that India couldn’t give an answer that related to both Muslims and Hindus meant that England lost trust in them. Gandhi was trying to claim that he was speaking for the whole country, whilst Muslims were pleading not to listen to him. It was all very confusing for the English. How to cite Do You Agree with the View That by 1940?, Essay examples

Indonesia Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Indonesia Argumentative Essay IndonesiaThis essay will be on the History in Brief of Indoneisa, the Governmentof Indoneisia, the island of Java, and the Geography of Indoneisa. In early days, the region from India to Japan, including Indonesia, wasknown to the Europeans as the Indies. Chris Colombus was looking for a westwardsea roots from Europe to the Indies when he arrived in America. During 1600sdutch political control began to spread Indonesia. Indonesia declared its independencein 1945 and fought the Dutch until1949 when they gave up their control. At first, the Dutch allowed nationalist movement to delevope. In 1905,it had introduced municipal councils to govern the towns and cities. By 1920,there were 32 such councils, with little electorial franchise. Other councils were also established. They included provicial councilsin Java, and group communities concils outside Java. The government of Indonesia is based on a constitution written in 1945. A president serves as the head of government. The president apionts a sheet ofadvisers consisting of top military leaders and civillians. In theory, the peoples console assembly is supposed to establish ageneral direction of the governments policys. A house of peoples Representatives is the nations parlament, however, inpractice neither the assembly nor the house has real power. Instead, it is thepresident who makes all of the important decisions. The president is elected to a five year term the Peoples Consulativeassembly. Te assembly has 1,000 members. It includes the 500 members of thepeoples representives. It also includes 500 members of regional, occupational,and other groups. All assembly members serve five year terms. The assembly usually is onlyheld once every five years. The 500 members of the Peoples Representativesincludes 400 who are elected through a system that insures that the governmentspotlitical organization win most of the seats. Servicmen have no vote, so theremaining 100 are appointed by the president on the reccomendation of thecomander of the armed forces. Indonesia is divided into twenty-seven provinces. The provinces aredivided into regioncies and municipalities. These units are further dividedinto villages. Officials of all local government units exept villages are appointed bycentral government from lists of people nominated by regional legislators. Indonesian villages elect their own village officials to provide localgovernment. Java lies between Sumatra (to the west), and Bali (to the east).Tothe north is the Java Sea. To the south is the Indian Ocean which Indonesianscall the Indonesian Ocean. The greatest distance from North Java to South Java is two hundredkilometers. From East Java to West Java is over one thousand kilometers. The island of Java has five administrative units: the specialterritory of Jakarta Raya, Java Barat , Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, the specialterritory of Yogjakarta, and Jawa Timur. A chain of volcanic mountains run along the island from west to east. These mountains are apart of a fold in the earths crust which extends fromSoutheast Asian mainland through Sumatra and Java to the lesser Sundra Islands. Java itself has 112 peaks. The volcanic soil is extremely fertile and this aresupports a large population. Tangkuban Prahu in West Java is a live volcanoe that attraccts manutourists. A similar mountain in the Sunda Straights, Krakatoua, is famous forits erruption in 1883. The whole northern portion of the peak was blown away. The explosion was heard over 700 kilometers away. The resulting sea waves causedover thirty six thousand Indonesian deaaths in the low lying of West and SouthJakarta. Indonesia is a country in south east Asia that consists of more than13,600 islands. The islands lie along the equator, and extend more than 5,000kilometers. Many of the islands cover only a few square kilometers but abouthalf of New Guinea (an area called Irian Jaya), and three fourths of Borneo(Kalimantan), also belong to Indonesia. New Guinea and Borneo are the second andthird largest islands in the world after Greenland. .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .postImageUrl , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:visited , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:active { border:0!important; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:active , .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93503b3b7d51110cc416dbd966a33ffa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inter Comm Essay